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An autosomal recessive retinal degeneration caused by mutations in NR2E3/NRL genes. It presents with night blindness, macular schisis, and characteristic ERG findings, and belongs to the same spectrum as Goldmann-Favre syndrome.

A rapid eye movement that shifts the point of fixation from one part of the visual field to another. The maximum speed is approximately 700°/second, and it is also attracting attention as an early diagnostic indicator of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.

A general term for involuntary rapid eye movements (saccades) that interrupt fixation. Includes several types such as square-wave jerks, ocular flutter, and opsoclonus, and can be a sign of serious underlying diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, demyelinating diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease and is the leading cause of uveitis. Non-caseating granulomas form within the eye, presenting as anterior, intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis. This article provides a comprehensive overview of diagnosis, treatment, and complication management.

A test that measures tear secretion over 5 minutes by placing a 5 mm × 35 mm filter paper strip in the lower eyelid. Used for dry eye screening and evaluation of Sjögren's syndrome.

An autosomal dominant stromal corneal dystrophy characterized by abnormal deposition of cholesterol and phospholipids in the cornea due to UBIAD1 gene mutation. It features corneal crystals and central opacity.

A disease characterized by severe eye pain and redness due to inflammation of the sclera. It often occurs in association with systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and necrotizing scleritis can lead to serious visual impairment.

A highly malignant tumor arising from the sebaceous glands of the eyelid (mainly the meibomian glands). It resembles chalazion and blepharitis and is called the "great masquerader." It is the second most common malignant eyelid tumor after basal cell carcinoma.

Seborrheic keratosis is the most common benign eyelid tumor in middle-aged and elderly people, also called senile wart. It does not become malignant, but differentiation from basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma is important, and histopathological examination is essential for definitive diagnosis.

Secondary IOL implantation performed in aphakic eyes where IOL could not be inserted during initial cataract surgery, or in eyes with IOL dislocation, opacification, refractive error, etc. The surgical technique is selected based on the status of capsular support.

This article explains the features, selection methods, and assistive device subsidy system for low vision aids (magnifying reading devices, magnifiers, monoculars, and tinted glasses) for patients with low vision.

This article explains how to check one eye at a time to detect vision loss early, how to use the Amsler grid, common eye diseases that can be found through self-check, and when to see a doctor.

This article describes the indications, techniques, and outcomes of sentinel lymph node biopsy for detecting micrometastases in periorbital malignant tumors (melanoma, sebaceous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, etc.).

A chronic progressive posterior uveitis of unknown etiology affecting the retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris, and choroid. It is characterized by serpiginous atrophic lesions extending from the peripapillary area, leading to irreversible vision loss when the fovea is involved.

Retinal vascular disorder associated with sickle cell disease. Explains non-proliferative and proliferative stages according to Goldberg classification, laser treatment, and gene therapy (Casgevy/Lyfgenia).

This article explains behavioral signs, age-specific checklists, how to use three-year-old health checkups and school vision screenings, and treatment for amblyopia to help detect vision loss or amblyopia in children early. Early detection and appropriate treatment greatly affect visual prognosis.

A one-stage surgical technique for limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) reported by Sangwan et al. in 2012. A small amount of limbal tissue is harvested from the healthy eye, divided into small pieces on amniotic membrane, and allowed to proliferate in vivo. No special culture equipment is required, and it is cost-effective.

This article explains the structure, characteristics, indications, and complications of a one-piece intraocular lens (1-piece IOL), in which the optic and haptics are made of the same material and molded as a single unit. It also provides a detailed comparison with three-piece IOLs and the rationale for contraindication of ciliary sulcus fixation.

An extremely rare and rapidly progressive malignant tumor arising in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It rapidly invades the orbit and skull base, causing ocular symptoms such as diplopia, visual impairment, and proptosis. Definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological examination.

An acquired vertical misalignment of the eyes due to an imbalance in vestibular input caused by damage to the supranuclear otolith-ocular pathway. It is an important sign of posterior fossa lesions such as stroke and demyelinating disease, and clinical differentiation from trochlear nerve palsy is extremely important.

Sleep disorders (especially obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) increase the risk of glaucoma, floppy eyelid syndrome, and optic neuropathy through intermittent hypoxia, intraocular pressure fluctuations, and impaired ocular blood flow. Attention should also be paid to dry eye associated with CPAP therapy.

This article explains the optical principles of the slit-lamp microscope, six illumination methods, systematic observation procedures from the anterior segment to the fundus, optic disc and fundus evaluation using a pre-corneal lens, the Van Herick method, and representative abnormal findings and their management.

Smartphone presbyopia is a common term for reduced accommodative function due to prolonged use of near-distance devices such as smartphones. It is formally classified as accommodative spasm or technostress eye syndrome, and the basic treatment includes environmental improvement, appropriate spectacle prescription, and instillation of cycloplegic eye drops.

SMILE surgery (small incision lenticule extraction) is a refractive surgery that uses only a femtosecond laser to create and extract a corneal stromal lenticule to correct myopia and myopic astigmatism. It is characterized by no flap creation and preservation of corneal nerves. Indications, surgical technique, and complication management are explained.

Smoking increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by 2 to 4 times and the risk of nuclear cataract by about 2 times. It is also an exacerbating factor for thyroid eye disease, dry eye, and diabetic retinopathy. Smoking cessation is the most important preventive measure.

Explains the symptoms, causes, OCT diagnosis, and treatment of solar retinopathy. Introduces the pathophysiology and prevention of foveal retinal damage due to sunlight and phototoxicity.

An autosomal dominant macular dystrophy caused by mutations in the TIMP3 gene. It typically presents in the 3rd to 4th decade of life and is characterized by choroidal neovascularization and macular atrophy.

A slowly progressive meningioma arising from the sphenoid wing, causing proptosis and visual impairment due to extension into the orbit and cavernous sinus. This article explains the WHO classification-based grading, imaging diagnosis, and treatment centered on surgery and radiotherapy.

Sports vision is a general term for visual functions related to athletic performance. It evaluates dynamic visual acuity, depth perception, peripheral vision, eye movements, and reaction time, and aims to improve them through vision training and appropriate refractive correction.

A malignant tumor arising from the spinous layer of the eyelid. There are two types: conjunctival and cutaneous. In Japan, it accounts for about half of all malignant eyelid tumors. Standard treatment is complete excision with postoperative cryocoagulation.

Explains the principles, measurement algorithms, result interpretation, and progression assessment of standard automated perimetry (SAP). Covers the SITA algorithm, Anderson-Patella criteria, GHT, MD, VFI, PSD indices, event analysis, trend analysis, and comparisons with SWAP and FDT.

Explains symptoms, causes (ABCA4 gene, etc.), diagnostic methods (dark choroid, FAF, OCT), current treatments, and latest research on Stargardt disease. Also details genotype-phenotype correlation, differential diagnosis, and genetic counseling.

This article explains the principles, procedures, and disparity ranges of various stereopsis tests (Titmus Stereo Test, TNO Test, Lang Stereotest, Frisby Test, etc.), test selection by age, and the relationship between stereopsis development and amblyopia.

Use of steroid drugs (glucocorticoids) can cause posterior subcapsular cataract and steroid-induced glaucoma. There is risk with systemic administration, eye drops, inhalation, and topical medications. This article explains the risks, symptoms, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment by route of administration.

An acute disease causing erosions and blisters on the skin and mucous membranes throughout the body, triggered by medications or infections. Ocular complications are the most important sequelae, with corneal opacity due to loss of corneal epithelial stem cells and severe dry eye persisting throughout life.

An inherited connective tissue disease caused by collagen gene mutations. Characterized by ocular complications such as high myopia, retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma, as well as systemic features including cleft palate and hearing loss.

This article provides an overview of strabismus surgery, including indications, surgical techniques (recession, resection, muscle transposition, adjustable sutures), timing, complications, and postoperative management. It covers everything from early surgery for infantile esotropia to surgical planning for adult strabismus.

This article explains the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS). It covers GNAQ somatic mosaic mutations, differences between early-onset and late-onset types, mechanisms of angle dysgenesis and elevated episcleral venous pressure, selection of trabeculotomy and tube shunt surgery, and complications related to choroidal hemangioma.

Acute purulent inflammation of the sebaceous glands (Zeis glands), sweat glands (Moll glands), or meibomian glands of the eyelid. It is broadly classified into external and internal hordeolum, with Staphylococcus aureus as the main causative bacterium. Treatment primarily involves antibiotic eye drops, and incision and drainage are performed when an abscess forms.

A hemodynamic condition in which stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery causes retrograde blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery. It presents with symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency such as dizziness, diplopia, and transient visual disturbances.

A benign ocular surface disease in which blood accumulates in the subconjunctival space due to rupture of conjunctival vessels. It appears as a bright red to dark red hemorrhage patch and is naturally absorbed in most cases. Systemic evaluation is required for recurrent cases.

This article organizes the causes of red eyes (hyperemia) by anatomical classification (conjunctival injection, ciliary injection, scleral injection, subconjunctival hemorrhage) and explains differential diagnoses, urgency of consultation, and key points in history taking.

Organizes the causes of eye pain or gritty sensation by anatomical classification (superficial, intermediate, deep) and pain characteristics, and explains the differential diagnosis table, urgency of consultation, and key points for history taking.

Superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) is a finding in which the outermost cells of the corneal epithelium are shed in a punctate pattern. It arises from various causes including dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction, drug toxicity, allergies, contact lens-related disorders, and Thygeson superficial punctate keratitis. The cause can be inferred from the staining pattern, and treatment is selected accordingly, including artificial tears, diquafosol, rebamipide, corneal protective agents, and low-concentration steroid eye drops.

A chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause localized to the superior bulbar conjunctiva and corneal limbus. It is often associated with thyroid dysfunction and dry eye. Increased friction with the upper eyelid during blinking is considered central to the pathogenesis.

A rare disease in which a thrombus forms in the superior ophthalmic vein. Causes include infection, inflammation, trauma, and blood coagulation abnormalities. It presents with proptosis, conjunctival chemosis, and ophthalmoplegia. There is a risk of progression to cavernous sinus thrombosis.

Superior segmental optic nerve hypoplasia (SSONH) is a congenital disorder characterized by a localized reduction of retinal ganglion cells in the superior portion of the optic disc, also known as "topless optic disc." It is strongly associated with maternal diabetes, and its prevalence in Japan is approximately 0.3%.

This article explains the evidence for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with supplements such as lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins C/E, and zinc, focusing on the AREDS/AREDS2 studies. It also mentions the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on dry eye and the risks of excessive intake.

Explanation of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH). Introduction of risk factors and management as a complication of cataract and glaucoma surgery.

A rare autoimmune microangiopathy affecting precapillary arterioles of the brain, retina, and inner ear. Characterized by the triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion, and sensorineural hearing loss, most common in women aged 20–40.

Explains the types, clinical outcomes, and safety of sustained release glaucoma drug delivery systems. Covers devices such as Durysta, iDose TR, bimatoprost ocular insert, punctal plugs, and drug-eluting contact lenses.

A condition in which the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva become abnormally adherent. It often occurs after conjunctival epithelial damage such as chemical trauma, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or ocular pemphigoid. It can cause impaired eye movement, shortening of the conjunctival fornix, and decreased vision.

A rare autoimmune disease that causes bilateral granulomatous uveitis following penetrating trauma or intraocular surgery in one eye. Rapid systemic corticosteroid therapy combined with immunosuppressive agents is the mainstay of treatment.

The synoptophore (major amblyoscope) is an instrument that examines and trains binocular vision (simultaneous perception, fusion, stereopsis) using independent optical systems for the left and right eyes. It enables quantitative measurement of subjective strabismic angle in 9 directions, measurement of fusion range, and measurement of cyclodeviation. It is also used for vision training in children aged 3 years and older with strabismus or amblyopia.

Intraocular inflammation caused by Treponema pallidum. Known as the "great imitator," it presents with diverse ocular findings and has been increasing as a re-emerging infection. Cases with HIV co-infection tend to be more severe. High-dose penicillin therapy, as for neurosyphilis, is standard.