S

An autosomal recessive retinal degeneration caused by mutations in NR2E3/NRL genes. It presents with night blindness, macular schisis, and characteristic ERG findings, and belongs to the same spectrum as Goldmann-Favre syndrome.

A rapid eye movement that shifts the point of fixation from one part of the visual field to another. The maximum speed is approximately 700°/second, and it is also attracting attention as an early diagnostic indicator of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.

A general term for involuntary rapid eye movements (saccades) that interrupt fixation. Includes several types such as square-wave jerks, ocular flutter, and opsoclonus, and can be a sign of serious underlying diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, demyelinating diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes.

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly type III) is an autosomal dominant craniofacial syndrome caused by mutations in the TWIST1 gene. It is frequently associated with ophthalmic abnormalities such as ptosis and strabismus.

A common acquired strabismus in older adults caused by age-related degeneration of connective tissue between the extraocular muscle pulleys, leading to downward displacement of the lateral rectus muscle, resulting in distance esotropia and cyclovertical strabismus. Managed with prism correction or strabismus surgery.

A non-inflammatory corneal degeneration characterized by bluish-gray subepithelial nodules on Bowman's layer. Often secondary to chronic ocular surface disease, it can cause visual impairment and irregular astigmatism.

Congenital hypoparathyroidism, growth retardation, and dysmorphism syndrome (HRD syndrome) caused by TBCE gene mutation. Frequently associated with ocular findings such as microphthalmia, corneal opacity, and tortuous retinal vessels.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease and is the leading cause of uveitis. Non-caseating granulomas form within the eye, presenting as anterior, intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis. This article provides a comprehensive overview of diagnosis, treatment, and complication management.

Acute ischemic retinopathy caused by external compression of the eye during prolonged loss of consciousness due to drug abuse. Visual impairment is often severe and permanent.

A test that measures tear secretion over 5 minutes by placing a 5 mm × 35 mm filter paper strip in the lower eyelid. Used for dry eye screening and evaluation of Sjögren's syndrome.

An autosomal dominant stromal corneal dystrophy characterized by abnormal deposition of cholesterol and phospholipids in the cornea due to UBIAD1 gene mutation. It features corneal crystals and central opacity.

Definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Schwartz syndrome (Schwartz-Matsuo syndrome). It is a secondary open-angle glaucoma caused by obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by shed photoreceptor outer segments following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, leading to elevated intraocular pressure. Retinal reattachment via scleral buckling is the first-line treatment; steroids are ineffective.

Secondary open-angle glaucoma in which photoreceptor outer segments obstruct the trabecular meshwork, causing elevated intraocular pressure, associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Intraocular pressure usually normalizes after retinal reattachment.

Comprehensive explanation of ocular signs of migraine, including scintillating scotoma, retinal migraine, and recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON). Covers characteristics, differential diagnosis, acute treatment, and preventive therapy of visual aura.

Surgical procedures for dislocated or dropped intraocular lenses. Suturing fixes the IOL to the sclera with sutures, while intrascleral fixation (Yamane technique) embeds the haptic into a scleral tunnel. This article explains indications, surgical selection, techniques, and complications.

IOL fixation method for eyes without capsular support. Explains sutured and sutureless techniques, IOL selection, complications, and latest findings.

A disease characterized by severe eye pain and redness due to inflammation of the sclera. It often occurs in association with systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and necrotizing scleritis can lead to serious visual impairment.

Sclerochoroidal calcification (SCC) is a rare calcified lesion occurring at the junction of the sclera and choroid. Approximately 79% of cases are idiopathic and managed with observation, but it is necessary to evaluate for associations with systemic diseases such as hyperparathyroidism and Gitelman syndrome.

A rare congenital disease in which the corneal limbal primordium fails to form due to abnormal neural crest cell migration, resulting in corneal opacity resembling sclera. It is bilateral and asymmetric, often accompanied by flat cornea and anterior segment abnormalities.

A rare and severe eye disease in which scleral necrosis and thinning progress in a quiet eye without hyperemia or pain, associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. It is classified as necrotizing scleritis without inflammation.

A mysterious destructive panuveitis localized to Nepal. Epidemiological association with white moths (Gazalina species) is established; it predominantly affects children, and two-thirds are already blind at presentation.

A rare, highly malignant tumor arising from the sebaceous glands of the eyelid (mainly the meibomian glands). It resembles chalazion and blepharitis and is often diagnosed late, so it is called the 'great masquerader'.

A highly malignant tumor arising from the sebaceous glands of the eyelid (mainly the meibomian glands). It resembles chalazion or blepharitis and is called "the great masquerader." It is the second most common eyelid malignancy after basal cell carcinoma.

Seborrheic keratosis is the most common benign eyelid tumor in middle-aged and elderly people, also called senile wart. It does not become malignant, but differentiation from basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma is important, and histopathological examination is essential for definitive diagnosis.

Refractive surgery is an irreversible treatment that invades a normal anterior segment of the eye, and careful evaluation is required for determining indications. A second opinion allows verification of the appropriateness of preoperative screening, overlooked contraindications, suitability of surgical technique selection, and management of postoperative complications from a third-party perspective.

Secondary IOL implantation performed in aphakic eyes where IOL could not be inserted during initial cataract surgery, or in eyes with IOL dislocation, opacification, refractive error, etc. The surgical technique is selected based on the status of capsular support.

A test to detect aqueous humor leakage from a full-thickness corneal or scleral defect using fluorescein staining and cobalt blue light. It is essential for confirming wound closure in open globe injuries and after surgery.

This article explains the features, selection methods, and assistive device subsidy system for low vision aids (magnifying reading devices, magnifiers, monoculars, and tinted glasses) for patients with low vision.

This article explains how to check one eye at a time to detect vision loss early, how to use the Amsler grid, common eye diseases that can be found through self-check, and when to see a doctor.

With the expanded use of the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide, associations with worsening diabetic retinopathy and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) have been reported. This article explains the risks and clinical management of both complications.

A slate-gray, elongated oval area appearing posterior to the corneal limbus and anterior to the insertion of the horizontal rectus muscles, characterized by hyaline degeneration and calcification of the sclera. Usually asymptomatic and requires no treatment, but rarely leads to senile scleral softening.

A collective term for ophthalmic examination methods to evaluate strabismus and binocular vision abnormalities. Includes eye movement tests, ocular alignment tests, cover tests, and stereopsis tests, widely applicable from children to adults.

This article describes the indications, techniques, and outcomes of sentinel lymph node biopsy for detecting micrometastases in periorbital malignant tumors (melanoma, sebaceous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, etc.).

A chronic progressive posterior uveitis of unknown etiology affecting the retinal pigment epithelium, choriocapillaris, and choroid. It is characterized by serpiginous atrophic lesions extending from the peripapillary area, leading to irreversible vision loss when the fovea is involved.

As blood-derived eye drops, they are used for ocular surface diseases resistant to conservative treatments such as severe dry eye and persistent corneal epithelial defects. There are autologous serum (AS) and allogeneic serum (ALS), which contain growth factors, vitamins, and fibronectin similar to natural tears, promoting ocular surface repair.

Explains the triad of retinal hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and encephalopathy in shaken baby syndrome, the PediBIRN clinical decision rule, prevention, and international controversy.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a form of inflicted head injury in infants and young children, caused by shaking or impact, leading to characteristic fundus findings such as retinal hemorrhage, retinoschisis, and retinal folds. The sensitivity of retinal hemorrhage is 85% and specificity is 94%, making fundus examination highly contributory to the diagnosis of AHT.

A basic article on anterior segment practice covering classification of causes of shallow anterior chamber (pupillary block, plateau iris, postoperative, inflammatory, etc.), diagnosis by van Herick method, gonioscopy, anterior segment OCT, and UBM, and from emergency management of acute attack to lens reconstruction surgery.

Macular thinning in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Early detection by OCT/OCTA and its association with silent cerebral infarction are discussed.

Retinal vascular disorder associated with sickle cell disease. Explains non-proliferative and proliferative stages according to Goldberg classification, laser treatment, and gene therapy (Casgevy/Lyfgenia).

This article explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of siderosis and chalcosis, in which retained intraocular metallic foreign bodies (iron or copper) lead to iron and copper ions depositing in eye tissues and causing progressive damage. Severity assessment by ERG and early removal of the foreign body are key to visual prognosis.

Explains the causes, symptoms, examination, and treatment of Siegrist streaks and Elschnig spots seen in hypertensive choroidopathy. Also describes the association with malignant hypertension and giant cell arteritis.

This article explains behavioral signs, age-specific checklists, how to use three-year-old health checkups and school vision screenings, and treatment for amblyopia to help detect vision loss or amblyopia in children early. Early detection and appropriate treatment greatly affect visual prognosis.

Corneal decompensation caused by contact and emulsification of silicone oil on the corneal endothelium following silicone oil tamponade after vitrectomy. It leads to band keratopathy and bullous keratopathy.

A one-stage surgical technique for limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) reported by Sangwan et al. in 2012. A small amount of limbal tissue is harvested from the healthy eye, divided into small pieces on amniotic membrane, and allowed to proliferate in vivo. No special culture equipment is required, and it is cost-effective.

Simultanagnosia is a higher-order visual disorder in which individual objects can be recognized but multiple stimuli cannot be perceived simultaneously and interpreted as a whole. It results from bilateral parieto-occipital lobe damage and is a component of Balint syndrome.

This article explains the structure, characteristics, indications, and complications of a one-piece intraocular lens (1-piece IOL), in which the optic and haptics are made of the same material and molded as a single unit. It also provides a detailed comparison with three-piece IOLs and the rationale for contraindication of ciliary sulcus fixation.

An extremely rare and rapidly progressive malignant tumor arising in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It rapidly invades the orbit and skull base, causing ocular symptoms such as diplopia, visual impairment, and proptosis. Definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological examination.

An acquired vertical misalignment of the eyes due to an imbalance in vestibular input caused by damage to the supranuclear otolith-ocular pathway. It is an important sign of posterior fossa lesions such as stroke and demyelinating disease, and clinical differentiation from trochlear nerve palsy is extremely important.

Sleep disorders (especially obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) increase the risk of glaucoma, floppy eyelid syndrome, and optic neuropathy through intermittent hypoxia, intraocular pressure fluctuations, and impaired ocular blood flow. Attention should also be paid to dry eye associated with CPAP therapy.

This article explains clinical evaluation methods for the optic disc in glaucoma diagnosis. It covers observation techniques using slit-lamp microscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy, evaluation indices such as cup-to-disc ratio (C/D ratio), rim-to-disc ratio (R/D ratio), and the ISNT rule, ancillary testing with OCT, and key points for differential diagnosis.

Slit ventricle syndrome is a CSF shunt complication that occurs after ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery, where the ventricles become slit-like and narrowed, with headache and ophthalmic symptoms as main features. It develops in 3–5% of shunt patients, and appropriate diagnosis and stepwise pressure adjustment are important.

This article explains the optical principles of the slit-lamp microscope, six illumination methods, systematic observation procedures from the anterior segment to the fundus, optic disc and fundus evaluation using a pre-corneal lens, the Van Herick method, and representative abnormal findings and their management.

This article explains examination methods for the anterior and posterior segments using a slit lamp. It covers illumination techniques, systematic observation procedures, clinical significance, and applications in treatment. It also describes the latest applications such as slit-lamp treatment for silicone oil-induced pupillary block.

Smartphone presbyopia is a common term for reduced accommodative function due to prolonged use of near-distance devices such as smartphones. It is formally classified as accommodative spasm or technostress eye syndrome, and the basic treatment includes environmental improvement, appropriate spectacle prescription, and instillation of cycloplegic eye drops.

This article explains the effects of prolonged digital device use on children's visual acuity and refraction, the risk of myopia progression, and practical guidelines for screen time management.

An experimental procedure that reuses the corneal stromal lenticule extracted during SMILE surgery as a homologous corneal inlay for the treatment of hyperopia, presbyopia, keratoconus, corneal thinning, and other conditions.

SMILE surgery (small incision lenticule extraction) is a refractive surgery that uses only a femtosecond laser to create and extract a corneal stromal lenticule to correct myopia and myopic astigmatism. It is characterized by no flap creation and preservation of corneal nerves. Indications, surgical technique, and complication management are explained.

Smoking increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by 2 to 4 times and the risk of nuclear cataract by about 2 times. It is also an exacerbating factor for thyroid eye disease, dry eye, and diabetic retinopathy. Smoking cessation is the most important preventive measure.

Explains the symptoms, causes, OCT diagnosis, and treatment of solar retinopathy. Introduces the pathophysiology and prevention of foveal retinal damage caused by sunlight or phototoxicity.

Explains the symptoms, causes, OCT diagnosis, and treatment of solar retinopathy. Introduces the pathophysiology and prevention of foveal retinal damage due to sunlight and phototoxicity.

An autosomal dominant macular dystrophy caused by mutations in the TIMP3 gene. It typically presents in the 3rd to 4th decade of life and is characterized by choroidal neovascularization and macular atrophy.

SANS is a neuro-ophthalmic syndrome that develops in astronauts during long-duration spaceflight. It presents with various findings such as optic disc edema, globe flattening, and hyperopic shift, and multifactorial mechanisms including cephalad fluid shift and increased intracranial pressure have been proposed as causes.

A condition characterized by the triad of accommodative spasm, acute esotropia, and miosis. Often psychogenic and self-limiting, but it is important to rule out organic causes such as head trauma or neurological disease.

A type of acquired nystagmus that develops within the first two years of life, characterized by the triad of nystagmus, head nodding, and torticollis. Most cases are idiopathic and resolve spontaneously by age 3–4, but optic pathway glioma and retinal dystrophy must be ruled out.

Explains the principles, measurement parameters, diagnostic ability, and progression detection of spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) in glaucoma. Covers RNFL thickness, ONH, and GCA analysis usage, causes of misinterpretation, floor effect, and GPA progression analysis program.

A slowly progressive meningioma arising from the sphenoid wing, causing proptosis and visual impairment due to extension into the orbit and cavernous sinus. This article explains the WHO classification-based grading, imaging diagnosis, and treatment centered on surgery and radiotherapy.

A degenerative disease in which yellowish-brown spherical protein deposits accumulate beneath the epithelium of the cornea and conjunctiva. Ultraviolet exposure and aging are major risk factors, and it commonly occurs in the interpalpebral fissure. Usually asymptomatic, but if it extends to the pupillary area, it can cause vision loss.

A condition in which intracranial pressure decreases due to cerebrospinal fluid leakage from the spinal cord. It is characterized by orthostatic headache and may present with ocular symptoms such as abducens nerve palsy. Epidural blood patch is the main treatment.

Sports vision is a general term for visual functions related to athletic performance. It evaluates dynamic visual acuity, depth perception, peripheral vision, eye movements, and reaction time, and aims to improve them through vision training and appropriate refractive correction.

A malignant tumor arising from the spinous layer of the eyelid. There are two types: conjunctival and cutaneous. In Japan, it accounts for about half of all malignant eyelid tumors. Standard treatment is complete excision with postoperative cryocoagulation.

Explains the principles, measurement algorithms, result interpretation, and progression assessment of standard automated perimetry (SAP). Covers the SITA algorithm, Anderson-Patella criteria, GHT, MD, VFI, PSD indices, event analysis, trend analysis, and comparisons with SWAP and FDT.

Explains the strategy for developing clinical data standards for glaucoma. Covers the roles of DICOM, SNOMED, FHIR, LOINC, and OMOP standards, interoperability in EHR, and recommendations for glaucoma data exchange.

A disease in which the eyeball wall bulges posteriorly in a localized manner. The most common type is posterior staphyloma associated with pathologic myopia, which causes serious complications such as myopic foveoschisis, retinal detachment, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

Explains symptoms, causes (ABCA4 gene, etc.), diagnostic methods (dark choroid, FAF, OCT), current treatments, and latest research on Stargardt disease. Also details genotype-phenotype correlation, differential diagnosis, and genetic counseling.

Explains symptoms, causes (ABCA4 gene, etc.), diagnostic methods (dark choroid, FAF, OCT), current treatments, and latest research on Stargardt disease. Also details genotype-phenotype correlation, differential diagnosis, and genetic counseling.

A comprehensive overview of the side effects (orbital myositis, myasthenia gravis) and potential therapeutic effects (MS, Parkinson's disease, GCA, etc.) of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) in the field of neuro-ophthalmology.

First reported in 2021, SMACH is a rare disease presenting with yellow-orange stellate dendritic lesions in the choroid. Diagnosis and follow-up are based on multimodal imaging.

Explains symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of SNIFR (Stellate Nonhereditary Idiopathic Foveomacular Retinoschisis). Also details differentiation from X-linked congenital retinoschisis.

Stereopsis is the highest-level function of binocular vision, in which the brain detects binocular disparity and converts it into depth perception. It develops from three months of age, and early intervention within the critical period is considered essential for acquiring precise stereopsis.

This article explains the principles, procedures, and disparity ranges of various stereopsis tests (Titmus Stereo Test, TNO Test, Lang Stereotest, Frisby Test, etc.), test selection by age, and the relationship between stereopsis development and amblyopia.

Use of steroid drugs (glucocorticoids) can cause posterior subcapsular cataract and steroid-induced glaucoma. There is risk with systemic administration, eye drops, inhalation, and topical medications. This article explains the risks, symptoms, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment by route of administration.

This article explains the pathophysiology, risk by route of administration, classification of steroid responders, diagnosis, standard treatment, and evidence for outflow reconstruction surgery of steroid-induced glaucoma (secondary open-angle glaucoma caused by corticosteroids).

An acute disease characterized by erosions and blisters on the skin and mucous membranes throughout the body, triggered by medications or infections. Ocular complications are the most important sequelae, with corneal opacity due to loss of corneal epithelial stem cells and severe dry eye persisting throughout life.

An inherited connective tissue disease caused by collagen gene mutations. Characterized by ocular complications such as high myopia, retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma, as well as systemic features including cleft palate and hearing loss.

A nuclear processing technique in cataract surgery (phacoemulsification). After dividing the nucleus into two parts using the divide-and-conquer method, the remaining nucleus is processed by transitioning to the phaco-chop technique. It is highly versatile and widely used by surgeons from beginners to experts.

Restrictive strabismus caused by inflammation and fibrosis of extraocular muscles associated with thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The main symptom is diplopia, and the inferior rectus and medial rectus muscles are commonly affected. Treatment includes prism therapy and strabismus surgery, provided thyroid function is normalized.

This article provides an overview of strabismus surgery, including indications, surgical techniques (recession, resection, muscle transposition, adjustable sutures), timing, complications, and postoperative management. It covers everything from early surgery for infantile esotropia to surgical planning for adult strabismus.

A rare congenital syndrome characterized by the triad of myelinated retinal nerve fibers, axial myopia, and amblyopia. This article covers the classification of MRNF, diagnosis, and amblyopia treatment.

Explanation of the surgical technique, clinical outcomes, and safety of the STREAMLINE Surgical System. Covers its positioning as a MIGS for transluminal dilation of Schlemm's canal, outcomes when combined with cataract surgery, and comparison with other MIGS devices.

This article explains the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS). It covers GNAQ somatic mosaic mutations, differences between early-onset and late-onset types, mechanisms of angle dysgenesis and elevated episcleral venous pressure, selection of trabeculotomy and tube shunt surgery, and complications related to choroidal hemangioma.

Acute purulent inflammation of the sebaceous glands (Zeis glands), sweat glands (Moll glands), or meibomian glands of the eyelid. It is broadly classified into external and internal hordeolum, with Staphylococcus aureus as the main causative bacterium. Treatment primarily involves antibiotic eye drops, and incision and drainage are performed when an abscess forms.

An ophthalmic surgical anesthesia method in which a local anesthetic is injected into the potential space between Tenon's capsule and the sclera. Because a blunt needle is used, serious complications such as globe perforation are rare, and it is widely used from cataract surgery to vitrectomy.

A hemodynamic condition in which stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery causes retrograde blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery. It presents with symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency such as dizziness, diplopia, and transient visual disturbances.

A benign ocular surface disease in which blood accumulates in the subconjunctival space due to rupture of conjunctival vessels. It appears as a bright red to dark red hemorrhage patch and is naturally absorbed in most cases. Systemic evaluation is required for recurrent cases.

An extremely rare autosomal dominant corneal dystrophy characterized by deposition of chondroitin-4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate beneath the corneal epithelium. It presents with recurrent corneal erosions in childhood and progressive vision loss in adulthood.

This article organizes the causes of red eyes (hyperemia) by anatomical classification (conjunctival injection, ciliary injection, scleral injection, subconjunctival hemorrhage) and explains differential diagnoses, urgency of consultation, and key points in history taking.

Organizes the causes of eye pain or gritty sensation by anatomical classification (superficial, intermediate, deep) and pain characteristics, and explains the differential diagnosis table, urgency of consultation, and key points for history taking.

Systematic classification criteria for the 25 most common types of uveitis published by the SUN Working Group in 2021. Developed and validated using machine learning, it aims to homogenize patient populations in research.

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) is the rarest form of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, a neurological disorder characterized by repeated severe pain attacks around the orbit.

A condition where the intraocular lens (IOL) is displaced upward due to asymmetric placement of the haptic in the capsular bag and ciliary sulcus after cataract surgery, causing visual dysfunction.

Superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) is a finding in which the outermost cells of the corneal epithelium are shed in a punctate pattern. It arises from various causes including dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction, drug toxicity, allergies, contact lens-related disorders, and Thygeson superficial punctate keratitis. The cause can be inferred from the staining pattern, and treatment is selected accordingly, including artificial tears, diquafosol, rebamipide, corneal protective agents, and low-concentration steroid eye drops.

A chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause localized to the superior bulbar conjunctiva and corneal limbus. It is often associated with thyroid dysfunction and dry eye. Increased friction with the upper eyelid during blinking is considered central to the pathogenesis.

A condition characterized by paroxysmal monocular oscillopsia and vertical diplopia due to rhythmic contraction of the superior oblique muscle. Most cases are idiopathic, and neurovascular compression is considered a potential cause. Treatments such as carbamazepine, baclofen, and surgery have been attempted, but no established treatment protocol exists.

Dilatation of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) is an imaging finding that suggests vision- or life-threatening conditions such as carotid-cavernous fistula, arteriovenous malformation, and venous thrombosis. Differential diagnosis and early treatment are crucial for prognosis.

A rare disease in which a thrombus forms in the superior ophthalmic vein. Causes include infection, inflammation, trauma, and blood coagulation abnormalities. It presents with proptosis, conjunctival chemosis, and ophthalmoplegia. There is a risk of progression to cavernous sinus thrombosis.

A syndrome caused by compression of cranial nerves (III, IV, V1, VI) passing through the superior orbital fissure, presenting with ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, mydriasis, and forehead sensory disturbance. Trauma is the most common cause, and the absence of optic nerve involvement distinguishes it from orbital apex syndrome.

Superior segmental optic nerve hypoplasia (SSONH) is a congenital disorder characterized by a localized reduction of retinal ganglion cells in the superior portion of the optic disc, also known as "topless optic disc." It is strongly associated with maternal diabetes, and its prevalence in Japan is approximately 0.3%.

This article explains the evidence from the AREDS/AREDS2 trials on how supplements such as lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins C and E, and zinc slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It also discusses the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on dry eye and the risks of excessive intake.

This article summarizes Japan's low vision support systems and consultation resources, including smart sites, daily living aids, braille and audio books, and face-to-face reading services.

Explanation of types, surgical techniques, clinical outcomes, and safety of suprachoroidal devices. Includes the background of CyPass market withdrawal, comparison of MINIject, GMS, and STARflo, and pathophysiology of the uveoscleral outflow pathway.

Explanation of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH). Introduction of risk factors and management as a complication of cataract and glaucoma surgery.

A novel drug delivery technique that directly administers medication into the suprachoroidal space (the space between the sclera and choroid). This article focuses on triamcinolone acetonide suprachoroidal injection, the only FDA-approved treatment for macular edema associated with non-infectious uveitis, and explains the procedure, efficacy, and safety.

Key points of surgical management for intumescent cataract (a complex cataract with lens opacification and swelling). Explains difficulties in capsulorhexis due to increased intralenticular pressure and loss of red reflex, and management techniques using trypan blue staining, decompression, viscoelastic substances, and AS-OCT.

A rare autoimmune microangiopathy affecting precapillary arterioles of the brain, retina, and inner ear. Characterized by the triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion, and sensorineural hearing loss, most common in women aged 20–40.

Explains the types, clinical outcomes, and safety of sustained release glaucoma drug delivery systems. Covers devices such as Durysta, iDose TR, bimatoprost ocular insert, punctal plugs, and drug-eluting contact lenses.

Sweet syndrome is an autoinflammatory disease characterized by fever, neutrophilia, and painful erythematous plaques. Ocular manifestations include conjunctivitis, uveitis, and retinal vasculitis. Systemic corticosteroids are first-line therapy.

A condition in which the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva become abnormally adherent. It often occurs after conjunctival epithelial damage such as chemical trauma, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or ocular pemphigoid. It can cause impaired eye movement, shortening of the conjunctival fornix, and decreased vision.

SDRIFE is a rare cutaneous adverse drug reaction associated with systemic medications, characterized by symmetrical erythema on the buttocks, perianal area, and intertriginous regions. In ophthalmology, acetazolamide and broad-spectrum antibiotics can be causative agents.

A rare autoimmune disease that causes bilateral granulomatous uveitis following penetrating trauma or intraocular surgery in one eye. Rapid systemic corticosteroid therapy combined with immunosuppressive agents is the mainstay of treatment.

The synoptophore (major amblyoscope) is an instrument with independent optical systems for each eye that examines and trains binocular vision functions (simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis). It enables quantitative measurement of subjective squint angle in nine directions, measurement of fusion range, and measurement of cyclodeviation. It is also used for vision training in children aged 3 years and older with strabismus or amblyopia.

Explains the purpose of the synoptophore examination, the device structure, the procedure for simultaneous vision/fusion/stereopsis/retinal correspondence tests, slide selection, and comparison with other binocular vision tests.

Non-ulcerative keratitis caused by Treponema pallidum infection. It is most common as a late manifestation of congenital syphilis and is considered one of Hutchinson's triad. The immune response is central to the pathology, and topical steroids are the first-line treatment.

Intraocular inflammation caused by Treponema pallidum. Known as the "great imitator," it presents with diverse ocular findings and has been increasing as a re-emerging infection. Cases with HIV co-infection tend to be more severe. High-dose penicillin therapy, as for neurosyphilis, is standard.

This article explains ocular side effects associated with systemic chemotherapy, including molecular targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors, categorized by drug class. It covers the mechanisms and management of various ocular toxicities such as uveitis, serous retinopathy, and corneal disorders.

Explains the relationship between systemic medications and glaucoma. Covers increased glaucoma risk with steroids, topiramate, and anticholinergics; decreased risk with beta-blockers, metformin, and statins; and conflicting reports on antihypertensives and antidepressants.

Glaucoma eye drops such as beta blockers, prostaglandin preparations, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and alpha2 agonists can be absorbed systemically through the nasolacrimal duct. This article explains class-specific side effects and prevention, including bradycardia and bronchoconstriction with beta blockers and the pediatric contraindication for brimonidine.