Other Eye Conditions

With aging, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, dark adaptation, and visual field decline, increasing the risk of falls and frailty. Improving visual function through cataract surgery and appropriate refractive correction, combined with exercise and social participation, can prevent frailty.

An anomaloscope is a precision test device that quantitatively determines the type and severity of color vision deficiency by mixing colored light and matching it to monochromatic light. It explains the principle of Rayleigh matching, the Nagel-type test procedure, the matching-range patterns for each color vision type, and clinical applications.

Explains the principles of anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT), SS-OCT/SD-OCT methods, quantitative angle parameters (AOD/ARA/TISA), comparison with UBM, and clinical applications (glaucoma angle evaluation, corneal evaluation, preoperative cataract evaluation). It is a diagnostic imaging device that acquires anterior segment tomographic images non-contact.

Perioperative management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs in patients undergoing eye surgery. Decide whether to continue, temporarily stop, or restart them based on the balance between thrombosis risk and bleeding risk.

This article explains disability pension for eye diseases, including grade criteria for visual acuity and visual field, application process, key points of the 2022 revision, and required documents.

Explains the principles of objective refraction with an autorefractor-keratometer, the measurement procedure, when to use it instead of retinoscopy, how it connects with subjective refraction, how to deal with instrument myopia, and refraction testing in children.

An examination that visualizes ultrasound reflections as two-dimensional images to evaluate intraocular structures and orbital lesions in eyes with media opacities. This article explains the examination technique, interpretation of findings, and clinical indications.

This section explains the optical principles of the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (BIO), the appropriate use of condensing lenses (20D/28D), systematic fundus examination procedure under mydriasis, peripheral retinal examination using scleral indentation, and representative findings and management of retinal detachment and tears.

Explains the principles, procedure, and interpretation of the Worth 4-dot test, Bagolini striated lens test, and afterimage test; compares the features of each test; and describes the development and clinical significance of binocular vision.

Explains the visual impairment grading criteria for the physical disability certificate, methods for assessing visual acuity and visual field, grade determination by total index, application process, and welfare services after issuance.

Color vision testing is a general term for tests that determine the presence, type, and severity of color vision deficiency. This article explains the principles, procedures, and interpretation of results for screening with Ishihara color vision test plates, severity assessment with the Panel D-15 test, and detailed evaluation with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test.

Explains the types, characteristics, and selection criteria for sutures and suture needles used in ophthalmic surgery, how they are used for different procedures, and the mechanics of suturing and timing for suture removal.

Explains smear microscopy, culture tests, and eosinophil testing of conjunctival scrapings. An essential test method for identifying the causative organism in infectious keratitis and confirming allergic conjunctival disease.

Explains the principles, charts, and clinical significance of contrast sensitivity testing. Useful for diagnosing posterior capsule opacification, cataracts, optic nerve diseases, and other conditions that can cause haze even when visual acuity is normal.

An examination that uses fluorescein, rose bengal, and lissamine green to visualize and quantify epithelial damage in the cornea and conjunctiva. It is essential for diagnosing dry eye, assessing subtypes, and the initial evaluation of infectious keratitis.

Explanation of the principle, device types, measurement parameters (cell density, CV value, hexagonality), normal values and abnormal thresholds of corneal endothelial cell examination (specular microscope), and findings of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. It is an essential test before cataract surgery.

This article explains the principles of corneal topography, device classifications (Placido, Scheimpflug, anterior segment OCT), corneal shape indices, keratoconus screening, and progression assessment using the ABCD classification. It is an essential test for preoperative evaluation in refractive surgery.

A test in which a cotton thread impregnated with phenol red is placed on the lower eyelid, and tear secretion over 15 seconds is measured in mm. A dry-eye screening method that can be performed in less time and with less invasiveness than the Schirmer test.

Explains the current state and future outlook of AI diagnosis in ophthalmology. Deep-learning-based automatic analysis of fundus photographs and OCT is used for screening diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration, and shows accuracy comparable to specialists. Cost-effectiveness, challenges, and ethical aspects are also summarized.

Approximately 30-40% of diabetic patients have retinopathy, and early detection can prevent more than 90% of blindness. This article explains screening frequency by disease stage, examination methods, AI-based automated screening, and collaboration between internal medicine and ophthalmology.

Explains the vision, visual field, depth perception, and color vision standards required for a Japanese driver's license, the passing criteria for each license type, and the role of ophthalmologists.

Electroretinography (ERG) is a non-invasive functional test that records the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation. This article explains the types of ERG (full-field ERG, multifocal ERG, pattern ERG), the ISCEV standard protocol, test procedures, ERG findings in representative diseases, and clinical applications.

Eye Dock is a comprehensive eye examination for asymptomatic individuals, aimed at detecting glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other conditions before symptoms appear, enabling early treatment. Annual screening is recommended for those aged 40 and older.

Organize the differences among eye examinations used for disability certificates, driver’s licenses, and disability pensions, such as visual acuity tests, visual field tests, and depth perception tests.

Explains the principles, procedure, normal values, and clinical significance of the CFF (critical flicker fusion) test. Also introduces how it is used in optic neuritis and glaucoma.

In genetic counseling for hereditary eye diseases, explanations of inheritance patterns (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, maternal inheritance), recurrence risk assessment, and information about genetic testing are provided to support autonomous decision-making by patients and families.

This article explains the Imbert-Fick principle of the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), the gold standard for intraocular pressure measurement, detailed procedures including fluorescein staining and reading of semicircular images, the influence of central corneal thickness, setting and management of target intraocular pressure, and infection control.

This article explains the principles of Goldmann kinetic perimetry (GP), types of targets, examination techniques, interpretation of isopters, and typical visual field abnormality patterns (hemianopia, concentric constriction, ring scotoma). It is a useful examination method for full-field evaluation in advanced glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and neuro-ophthalmic diseases.

This article provides a comprehensive explanation of gonioscopy: indications, techniques (static/dynamic/indentation), Shaffer/Scheie/Spaeth classifications, van Herick method, representative abnormal findings (PAS, neovascularization, angle recession, pediatric glaucoma), and comparison with imaging diagnostics.

Neuro-ophthalmology began with ancient Greek theories of vision, developed through accumulating anatomical discoveries and the specialization of the field in the 19th and 20th centuries, and was established as a subspecialty by Frank Walsh.

A historical overview that traces the origins of oculoplastic surgery from ancient times and explains how the main procedures of eyelid reconstruction, ptosis surgery, lacrimal surgery, and orbital surgery developed.

Explains how to get a second opinion in ophthalmology, how to obtain a referral letter (medical information letter), costs, and insurance coverage. Summarizes when a second opinion is helpful, such as when deciding whether surgery is needed, diagnosing hard-to-treat conditions, or after receiving an important explanation, and the points for using it well.

Explains the SITA algorithm, test program selection, result interpretation, Anderson-Patella criteria, GHT/MD/VFI/PSD indices, and progression assessment for Humphrey static perimetry (HFA). It is the standard visual field test for glaucoma diagnosis and management.

Hypertension and dyslipidemia are risk factors for hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, and ischemic optic neuropathy. The ocular fundus is the only part of the body where blood vessels can be directly observed, playing an important role in assessing cardiovascular risk.

This article explains the measurement principle of the rebound tonometer iCare, the procedure requiring no topical anesthesia, multi-position measurement with IC200, self-measurement and 24-hour intraocular pressure monitoring with iCare HOME, and accuracy comparison with the Goldmann applanation tonometer.

A fundus angiography test in which indocyanine green (ICG) is injected intravenously and near-infrared fluorescence is used to visualize choroidal vessels. It is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and is essential for evaluating choroidal lesions in age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, and inflammatory diseases.

Explains the device specifications, indications, examination procedure (anesthesia methods and insertion technique), normal and abnormal findings, applications in treatment (DEP/SEP/SGI), and complications of dacryoendoscopy.

Explains the indications and procedure for lacrimal irrigation, how the irrigation needle is chosen, how to interpret the results (estimating the site of obstruction), the dye disappearance test, and its role in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Objective quantitative measurement of anterior chamber protein concentration using a laser flare meter. Useful for monitoring inflammatory activity in uveitis and evaluating inflammation after cataract surgery. Explained together with SUN grading criteria.

This article explains the definition of low vision care, visual function assessment, prescription of assistive devices, assistive equipment provision system, educational options, and welfare support.

This article explains the medical expense subsidy system for designated intractable diseases in the field of ophthalmology, including target diseases, application procedures, maximum out-of-pocket amounts, and renewal of the recipient certificate.

Metabolic syndrome (visceral obesity + hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia) increases the risk of various eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, glaucoma, and central serous chorioretinopathy. Improving lifestyle habits also contributes to better ophthalmic prognosis.

This article explains the measurement principle of non-contact tonometers (NCT), the procedure of the air-puff method, accuracy comparison with Goldmann applanation tonometry, the effect of central corneal thickness, and how to interpret test results.

An imaging method that photographs the back of the eye without using dilating drops. Widely used for screening diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Explains the imaging procedure, key points for reading the images, and criteria for deciding on dilation.

Explains eye diseases associated with atopic dermatitis. Characteristic star-shaped opacity of atopic cataract, risk of retinal detachment and keratoconus, prevention of eye scratching, and importance of collaboration with dermatology.

Ocular motility testing is a series of tests used to evaluate eye movement range, eye position, and double vision. It explains the visual inspection of eye movements, recording eye movement disorders with a Hess chart (Hess red-green test), the principles, procedure, and interpretation of gaze field testing, and typical findings in common diseases.

This article explains ocular side effects of anticancer drugs (5-FU, taxanes, etc.), molecular targeted drugs (MEK inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, etc.), immune checkpoint inhibitors, hormone therapy (tamoxifen), and immunomodulators (HCQ, interferon) by drug category.

Sick House Syndrome often causes eye symptoms such as eye strain, dry-eye-like symptoms, and conjunctival redness due to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde. Avoiding exposure to the causative substances is the most important treatment and prevention measure.

Explains emergency symptoms that require immediate ophthalmology consultation, such as sudden vision loss, severe eye pain, or chemical exposure, categorized by urgency. Describes first aid and where to seek care for conditions like central retinal artery occlusion, acute angle-closure glaucoma attack, retinal detachment, chemical injury, and orbital cellulitis.

Explains the principle of optical biometry, SS-OCT devices (IOLMaster 700, ARGOS), measurement parameters, comparison with ultrasound, and application to IOL power calculation. It is an essential test before cataract surgery and is also used for myopia progression monitoring.

An imaging diagnostic technique that uses the interference phenomenon of near-infrared light to non-invasively obtain cross-sectional images of the retina and optic nerve. It is essential for diagnosis and follow-up in a wide range of conditions including macular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and neuro-ophthalmic disorders. This article comprehensively explains imaging modes, normal layer structure, representative findings, glaucoma analysis, and neuro-ophthalmic applications.

A non-invasive imaging diagnostic technique that three-dimensionally visualizes retinal and choroidal vascular structures without the need for contrast agents. It comprehensively explains the principles, procedures, findings, and clinical applications of vascular assessment in diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, and glaucoma.

This article organizes the causes of distorted vision (metamorphopsia) and visual field defects using a differential diagnosis table, and explains self-check methods using the Amsler grid, urgency of consultation, and treatment overview.

Explains eye changes and diseases associated with pregnancy. Includes visual impairment due to preeclampsia, risk of worsening diabetic retinopathy, and safety of eye drops during pregnancy.

Explains the toxicity of eye drop preservatives (benzalkonium chloride/BAK) to the cornea and conjunctiva. Discusses the mechanism of ocular surface damage in patients using multiple eye drops long term, ways to manage it, and choosing preservative-free formulations.

Explains the risk of corneal injury and infections from colored contact lenses (color contacts) and how to use them safely. Although they have been regulated as medical devices since 2009, eye problems caused by unapproved products and poor care remain an issue. Also explains the safety of pigments, oxygen permeability, how to buy them properly, and the importance of seeing an eye doctor.

Explains the care steps needed for safe contact lens use (rub-and-rinse cleaning, disinfection, and lens case care) and the importance of regular eye exams. It describes the risk of corneal infections and corneal ulcers caused by poor care, and how to prevent them based on the type of solution.

Learn the correct way to use eye drops, including why one drop at a time is enough, the 5-minute rule between multiple eye drops, the importance of pressing the tear sac, the order of application, and how to prevent systemic side effects.

Pupillary function testing evaluates pupil size, light reflex, and near reflex. In particular, detection of relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) using the swinging flashlight test is essential for diagnosing optic nerve disorders. This article explains the anatomy of the light reflex, examination procedure, differential diagnosis of anisocoria, and pharmacological pupillary testing.

Explains eye diseases associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Dry keratoconjunctivitis (dry eye) is the most common, while scleritis and peripheral corneal ulcers are important complications affecting visual prognosis.

A test that measures tear secretion over 5 minutes by placing a 5 mm × 35 mm filter paper strip in the lower eyelid. Used for dry eye screening and evaluation of Sjögren's syndrome.

This article explains the features, selection methods, and assistive device subsidy system for low vision aids (magnifying reading devices, magnifiers, monoculars, and tinted glasses) for patients with low vision.

This article explains how to check one eye at a time to detect vision loss early, how to use the Amsler grid, common eye diseases that can be found through self-check, and when to see a doctor.

This article explains behavioral signs, age-specific checklists, how to use three-year-old health checkups and school vision screenings, and treatment for amblyopia to help detect vision loss or amblyopia in children early. Early detection and appropriate treatment greatly affect visual prognosis.

Sleep disorders (especially obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) increase the risk of glaucoma, floppy eyelid syndrome, and optic neuropathy through intermittent hypoxia, intraocular pressure fluctuations, and impaired ocular blood flow. Attention should also be paid to dry eye associated with CPAP therapy.

This article explains the optical principles of the slit-lamp microscope, six illumination methods, systematic observation procedures from the anterior segment to the fundus, optic disc and fundus evaluation using a pre-corneal lens, the Van Herick method, and representative abnormal findings and their management.

Smoking increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by 2 to 4 times and the risk of nuclear cataract by about 2 times. It is also an exacerbating factor for thyroid eye disease, dry eye, and diabetic retinopathy. Smoking cessation is the most important preventive measure.

Sports vision is a general term for visual functions related to athletic performance. It evaluates dynamic visual acuity, depth perception, peripheral vision, eye movements, and reaction time, and aims to improve them through vision training and appropriate refractive correction.

This article explains the principles, procedures, and disparity ranges of various stereopsis tests (Titmus Stereo Test, TNO Test, Lang Stereotest, Frisby Test, etc.), test selection by age, and the relationship between stereopsis development and amblyopia.

Use of steroid drugs (glucocorticoids) can cause posterior subcapsular cataract and steroid-induced glaucoma. There is risk with systemic administration, eye drops, inhalation, and topical medications. This article explains the risks, symptoms, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment by route of administration.

This article organizes the causes of red eyes (hyperemia) by anatomical classification (conjunctival injection, ciliary injection, scleral injection, subconjunctival hemorrhage) and explains differential diagnoses, urgency of consultation, and key points in history taking.

Organizes the causes of eye pain or gritty sensation by anatomical classification (superficial, intermediate, deep) and pain characteristics, and explains the differential diagnosis table, urgency of consultation, and key points for history taking.

This article explains the evidence from the AREDS/AREDS2 trials on how supplements such as lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins C and E, and zinc slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It also discusses the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on dry eye and the risks of excessive intake.

This article summarizes Japan's low vision support systems and consultation resources, including smart sites, daily living aids, braille and audio books, and face-to-face reading services.

Explains the purpose of the synoptophore examination, the device structure, the procedure for simultaneous vision/fusion/stereopsis/retinal correspondence tests, slide selection, and comparison with other binocular vision tests.

Glaucoma eye drops such as beta blockers, prostaglandin preparations, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and alpha2 agonists can be absorbed systemically through the nasolacrimal duct. This article explains class-specific side effects and prevention, including bradycardia and bronchoconstriction with beta blockers and the pediatric contraindication for brimonidine.

A reference article organized by eye anatomy that collects commonly used normal and threshold values in clinical ophthalmology, including axial length, corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, aqueous humor production, and optic nerve fiber count.

An examination that measures how quickly fluorescein is cleared from the conjunctival sac and evaluates tear turnover. It is useful for diagnosing the tear-deficient subtype of dry eye and for distinguishing it from functional epiphora.

A test that measures the time the eye remains open after fluorescein staining to evaluate tear film stability. It is a central test for dry eye diagnosis and directly links to subtype classification based on breakup patterns and stratified treatment (TFOT).

Explains total tear IgE (Allerwatch), serum antigen-specific IgE, skin tests, and eosinophil testing. A group of tests used for clinical provisional diagnosis and definitive diagnosis of allergic conjunctival disease.

Explains the current state and possibilities of telemedicine and online consultation in ophthalmology. Summarizes the results in diabetic retinopathy screening and glaucoma monitoring, what can and cannot be done in online consultations, and the framework, costs, and future outlook.

Explains the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy). Covers standard treatments such as steroid pulse therapy and orbital decompression, as well as the latest insights on teprotumumab.

Explains how ultra-widefield fundus cameras capture more than 200° of the fundus in a single shot, along with the conditions they are used for, the examination procedure, and key points for interpretation. Covers the features and clinical uses of representative systems such as Optomap and RetCam.

An examination that uses high-frequency ultrasound (30–50 MHz) to obtain high-resolution tomographic images of the anterior segment. It can visualize structures that are difficult to observe optically, such as the posterior iris and ciliary body, and is useful for diagnosing angle-closure glaucoma, anterior segment trauma, and tumors.

VDT syndrome (IT eye strain, digital eye fatigue) is a general term for ocular, systemic, and mental symptoms caused by prolonged use of smartphones or computers. The main pathologies are functional dry eye due to decreased blinking and accommodative disorders. Improvement can be expected through optimization of the work environment and appropriate pharmacological treatment.

This article explains types of visual acuity tests (distance, near, corrected visual acuity), the principle of the Landolt C ring, test conditions based on JIS standards, measurement procedures from children to adults, conversion between decimal visual acuity, logMAR, and fractional visual acuity, and interpretation of test findings.

Visual evoked potential (VEP) is an objective test that records electrical signals evoked in the occipital visual cortex in response to visual stimuli using scalp electrodes. This article explains the types of pattern VEP and flash VEP, the ISCEV standard protocol, interpretation of the P100 waveform, and clinical applications for optic nerve diseases and psychogenic visual disturbances.

Explains the causes and treatments for eyelid twitching (orbicularis myokymia), and the differential diagnosis and treatment (botulinum toxin, MVD) for essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.

Explains the causes of floaters (symptoms of seeing floating objects in front of the eyes), the difference between physiological floaters and pathological floaters, danger signs that require medical attention, and eye examinations and treatments.