The lens focuses light inside the eye and can become cloudy with age or other causes. The anterior segment includes the region from the cornea to the lens. This category covers cataract, lens position abnormalities, iris disease, and anterior chamber conditions.
35 English articles
A disease in which the lens becomes cloudy, causing decreased vision. Aging is the most common cause, and the prevalence reaches 100% in people aged 80 and older. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation are the only curative treatments.
A comparative explanation of the characteristics of intraocular lens (IOL) materials used in cataract surgery. Covers optical properties, biocompatibility, and complications of major materials such as hydrophobic acrylic, hydrophilic acrylic, silicone, PMMA, and collamer.
Lens opacity that develops at birth or during infancy. It occurs in 1 in 1,000 to 10,000 births. Early surgery to prevent form deprivation amblyopia, along with long-term amblyopia treatment and refractive correction, determines visual prognosis.
Standard technique for anterior capsulotomy in cataract surgery. Creates a circular opening in the anterior lens capsule to achieve stable fixation of the intraocular lens.
A congenital amino acid metabolism disorder caused by deficiency of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS). It is an autosomal recessive disease that frequently involves lens dislocation, skeletal abnormalities, thromboembolism, and intellectual disability.
A condition in which blood accumulates in the anterior chamber (between the cornea and iris). Blunt trauma is the most common cause, and it can lead to vision-related complications such as elevated intraocular pressure and corneal blood staining.
A complication after cataract surgery where the intraocular lens shifts from its normal position. Exfoliation syndrome and zonular weakness are major risk factors, causing decreased vision and increased intraocular pressure.
A complication in which the optic part of an intraocular lens (IOL) becomes cloudy after cataract surgery. There are several mechanisms, including calcium deposition and glistening. If visual function is impaired, IOL removal and exchange is required.
A syndrome characterized by iris flaccidity, prolapse, and progressive miosis that occurs during cataract surgery in patients with a history of taking α1-adrenergic receptor blockers (such as tamsulosin). Preoperative medication history review and appropriate intraoperative management are important.
This article explains the challenges and solutions for IOL power calculation during cataract surgery in patients with corneal ectasia, such as keratoconus and post-refractive surgery ectasia. The use of corneal tomography and keratoconus-specific formulas is key.
Iris coloboma is a congenital condition caused by incomplete closure of the embryonic fissure, resulting in a defect in the lower part of the iris. It is characterized by a keyhole-shaped pupil and may be associated with choroidal or optic nerve involvement. This article explains the classification, diagnosis, treatment, and genetic background.
Detailed explanation of indications, techniques (Siepser method, McCannel method, SFT method), and postoperative outcomes of iris suture (pupilloplasty) for congenital iris coloboma, trauma, and iris damage after cataract surgery. Also explains the criteria for choosing between iris repair and artificial iris devices.
A condition in which the lens is displaced from its normal position. It is caused by weakening or rupture of the zonules of Zinn. Congenital cases are associated with systemic diseases such as Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria, while trauma is the most common cause of acquired cases. Mild cases are managed with refractive correction and observation, while advanced cases require lens extraction.
An intraocular lens (LAL) whose power can be adjusted postoperatively by ultraviolet irradiation after cataract surgery. FDA approved in 2017. An advanced IOL technology that improves refractive accuracy and patient satisfaction.
An autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene. Ocular manifestations frequently include ectopia lentis, with increased risk of glaucoma, cataract, and retinal detachment.
Microspherophakia is a congenital malformation characterized by a decreased equatorial diameter and increased anteroposterior diameter of the lens. Lenticonus is a congenital anomaly in which a conical protrusion occurs on the anterior or posterior surface of the lens. Both are caused by abnormalities of the zonules or lens capsule development and are often complicated by secondary glaucoma, high myopia, and cataracts.
Explains the types, materials, optical designs, power calculation, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications of monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are most commonly used in cataract surgery. Hydrophobic acrylic is the standard material, and there are various options such as aspheric design and toric design.
A comprehensive explanation of multifocal intraocular lenses (trifocal, EDOF, accommodating IOL) in cataract surgery, including classification, optical principles, selection criteria, visual outcomes, complication management, and mix-and-match strategies.
Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a congenital anomaly resulting from the persistence of the anterior tunica vasculosa lentis. This article details its epidemiology, classification, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment (mydriatics, laser, surgery).
Fluid dynamics and physical principles of ultrasonic energy in phacoemulsification (PEA). Explains the parameters and mechanisms that surgeons should control for safe and efficient cataract surgery.
Phakic posterior chamber lens (ICL) is a refractive surgery that corrects myopia and astigmatism by inserting a Collamer lens into the eye. It does not involve corneal ablation, is reversible, and can treat a wide range from moderate to high myopia.
The most common postoperative complication after cataract surgery, caused by proliferation and migration of residual lens epithelial cells leading to opacification of the posterior capsule. It can be effectively treated with Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.
A review of postoperative endophthalmitis occurring after cataract surgery. It covers both acute-onset (within 1 week post-surgery) and delayed-onset (after 1 month, typically caused by Cutibacterium acnes) forms. Topics include epidemiology, causative organisms, clinical features, diagnosis, stepwise treatment, EVS recommendations, and prevention strategies.
A comprehensive review article covering the causes, differential diagnosis, and diagnosis of miosis (small pupil) and mydriasis, including management of small pupils during cataract surgery. It organizes the differential diagnosis and treatment of Horner syndrome, Adie pupil, oculomotor nerve palsy, IFIS, and others.
Explanation of techniques and devices for securing the pupil using iris retractors, pupil expansion rings, and mechanical stretching in cataract surgery for small pupils and intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS).
A complication after cataract surgery where the optic part of the intraocular lens prolapses in front of the iris. It is more likely to occur after sutured IOL or intrascleral fixation IOL, with an incidence of about 3.6% for scleral-sutured IOL. Characterized by glare and photophobia, and attention should be paid to recurrence due to reverse pupillary block.
Secondary IOL implantation performed in aphakic eyes where IOL could not be inserted during initial cataract surgery, or in eyes with IOL dislocation, opacification, refractive error, etc. The surgical technique is selected based on the status of capsular support.
This article explains the structure, characteristics, indications, and complications of a one-piece intraocular lens (1-piece IOL), in which the optic and haptics are made of the same material and molded as a single unit. It also provides a detailed comparison with three-piece IOLs and the rationale for contraindication of ciliary sulcus fixation.
This article explains the indications, IOL calculation, consideration of posterior corneal astigmatism, surgical techniques, axis alignment, complications, and latest evidence for toric IOLs in cataract surgery.
This article explains the classification, diagnosis, preoperative planning, surgical techniques, management in children, and prognosis of traumatic cataract following ocular trauma. It also details the clinical features of penetrating and blunt trauma, the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS), and the criteria for choosing between primary and secondary lens extraction.