The eye is exposed to the outside environment and can be injured by blunt trauma, penetrating injury, foreign bodies, chemicals, heat, or radiation. This category covers classification and management principles for eye trauma.
61 English articles
Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of traumatic canalicular laceration. Details the characteristics by injury mechanism such as dog bites and assault, repair techniques including lacrimal tube intubation, and postoperative management.
This article explains the definition, clinical features, severity assessment, and treatment from eye irrigation to surgery for ocular injuries caused by acidic chemicals. It clarifies the differences in pathophysiology from alkali injuries.
This article explains the definition of ocular injury caused by alkaline chemicals, severity assessment using the Kinoshida classification, and treatment from emergency irrigation to ocular surface reconstruction.
A disease in which blunt trauma to the eye causes rupture of Bruch's membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the retinal pigment epithelium. Immediately after injury, it is hidden by hemorrhage, but after absorption, it is observed as a crescent-shaped white line. Attention must be paid to the development of choroidal neovascularization.
A disease in which the outer segments of photoreceptors are damaged after blunt ocular trauma, resulting in characteristic white opacification of the retina. It often resolves spontaneously within about two weeks, but visual prognosis may be poor if the macula is affected.
A condition in which a foreign body is attached to or embedded in the conjunctiva (tarsal conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, or fornix conjunctiva). It accounts for 4.4% of new ophthalmology outpatients. Common foreign bodies can be removed with moist cotton, but toxic caterpillar hairs carry a risk of vitreous penetration and require complete removal and a retinal-vitreous examination.
A traumatic tear of the conjunctival tissue. Small lacerations may heal on their own with antibiotic eye drops, but large lacerations require suturing. The most important clinical point is to rule out a scleral laceration or globe rupture hidden beneath the conjunctival laceration.
A condition in which the entire corneal epithelium is lost, and one of the most frequent ocular traumas in ophthalmic emergencies. Simple cases heal within a few days with antibiotic eye drops and hyaluronic acid eye drops, but persistent epithelial defects (PED) lasting more than one week require investigation of the cause.
This article explains the types, diagnosis, and removal techniques (foreign body needle, drill, forceps) of corneal foreign bodies, as well as postoperative management. It covers essential knowledge for ophthalmic emergencies, from rust ring formation due to iron foreign bodies to infection risk from vegetative foreign bodies.
This article explains the indications, surgical technique, implant, and postoperative care for enucleation. It is a procedure that removes the entire eyeball and part of the optic nerve; the main indications are intraocular malignant tumors, eye injuries with no chance of vision recovery, and painful blind eyes.
Explains the causes, classification (I–III degrees), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of eyelid burns. Covers acute-phase cooling and lubrication, skin grafting and reconstructive surgery, and management of orbital compartment syndrome.
Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of eyelid lacerations (cuts on the eyelid). Covers important knowledge in eye trauma, including associated canalicular lacerations and suturing techniques.
Explains when eyelid reconstruction is used, how the defect is assessed, how the surgical method is chosen (from direct closure to Cutler-Beard and Hughes flap techniques), posterior lamellar grafts, and the latest tissue engineering.
Systematic explanation of imaging techniques used for trauma of the eye and ocular adnexa, including ultrasonography, UBM, OCT, CT, and MRI, covering the principles, indications, findings, and contraindications of each modality.
Explains the causes, classification, symptoms, CT diagnosis, foreign body removal via PPV, and prognostic factors of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB). Includes pathophysiology of siderosis and chalcosis, OTS prognosis prediction, and information on the latest removal devices.
A condition in which the iris root is torn from the ciliary body attachment and detached from the scleral spur due to blunt trauma. It can cause pupillary deviation, monocular diplopia, and photophobia. It is repaired by iris suturing using the modified Siepser method or McCannel method.
This article explains the pathology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of eye injuries caused by laser pointers, cosmetic lasers, and medical lasers. Various disorders can occur, including photothermal and photomechanical retinal damage, as well as choroidal neovascularization.
Explains the safety standards, hazard classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of laser injuries used in ophthalmology, as well as safety measures for the environment, patients, and operators.
This article explains the classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Le Fort fractures (types I, II, and III), focusing on ophthalmic complications.
Medial canthal tendon (MCT) avulsion is an injury in which the medial eyelid tendon is torn away from its normal attachment by trauma. It often occurs with canalicular laceration, and prompt surgical repair affects functional and cosmetic outcomes.
Explanation of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for fractures of the medial orbital wall (lamina papyracea of the ethmoid bone). The medial wall, being the thinnest of the orbital walls, is prone to fracture from blunt trauma, causing diplopia and enophthalmos.
This article explains the classification of ocular burns caused by high-temperature substances (first to third degree), the Kinoshita classification for evaluating corneoconjunctival damage, and treatment from acute-phase cooling to ocular surface reconstruction.
This article explains the indications, surgical technique, postoperative care, and comparison with enucleation for evisceration. It is a procedure that preserves the scleral shell and extraocular muscles while removing only the contents of the eye, and it offers advantages for prosthetic eye movement and appearance.
This article explains the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ocular and orbital trauma caused by firearms (handguns, rifles, airsoft guns, etc.).
This article explains the epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ocular trauma caused by flying debris (fragments) from fireworks or explosions. Blunt trauma, burns, and chemical injuries occur in combination, and severe cases can lead to globe rupture or permanent vision loss.
This article explains the initial assessment and management of ocular trauma, including triage, emergency treatment, and criteria for ophthalmology referral that non-ophthalmologists should perform.
A rare vascular lesion in which a false lumen forms in the ophthalmic artery due to trauma or postoperative complications. It is characterized by a pulsatile orbital mass, and endovascular coil embolization is the first-line treatment.
A rare severe injury in which the optic nerve is separated from the eye at the level of the lamina cribrosa due to trauma. Complete avulsion results in no light perception, and there is no established effective treatment. Early diagnosis and avoidance of unnecessary treatment are important.
Optic nerve head avulsion (optic nerve head avulsion) is a rare condition in which trauma separates the optic nerve from the eyeball at the level of the lamina cribrosa. It causes severe visual impairment, and there is no established treatment.
An ophthalmic emergency in which a rapid increase in intraorbital pressure compromises blood flow to the optic nerve and retina, leading to irreversible blindness if urgent decompression is not performed. Immediate decompression via lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis is the mainstay of treatment.
A condition caused by abnormal accumulation of air within the orbit. The most common cause is nose blowing after an orbital wall fracture. In most cases, it resolves spontaneously within 7–10 days, but severe cases can lead to orbital compartment syndrome and potential blindness.
An orbital floor fracture (blowout fracture) is a fracture caused by blunt trauma to the eye area, with double vision, sunken eye, and impaired eye movement as the main symptoms. Treatment ranges from urgent surgery to observation depending on whether tissue is trapped and on the fracture type.
A fracture of the orbital floor caused by blunt trauma to the eye, with main symptoms of diplopia, enophthalmos, and impaired eye movement. Closed fractures with entrapment of extraocular muscles are common in children and require emergency surgery. Surgery reconstructs the orbital floor using titanium mesh or absorbable plates.
This article explains the definition, classification, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of orbital foreign bodies, including imaging diagnosis centered on CT and management strategies based on material type.
Orbital roof fracture is a relatively rare orbital fracture caused by trauma to the forehead. In adults, it is often associated with high-energy trauma and severe head injury. Multidisciplinary collaboration with neurosurgery and otolaryngology is necessary.
An open globe injury in which a sharp object penetrates the eyewall, creating only an entry wound. Unlike perforating injuries (entry + exit), there is no exit wound, and attention must be paid to possible intraocular foreign bodies. Primary repair within 24 hours is the goal.
An open globe injury in which a sharp object penetrates the eye from front to back, creating an entry wound and an exit wound. It is more severe than penetrating injury (entry only), and primary repair within 24 hours is important to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis.
This article explains the epidemiology, classification, and risk factors of ocular trauma, as well as prevention strategies in occupational, sports, home, and traffic accident settings. 90% of ocular trauma is preventable with appropriate measures.
An occlusive retinal microvasculopathy characterized by cotton-wool spots, retinal hemorrhages, and Purtscher flecken in the posterior pole, associated with trauma or systemic diseases (e.g., acute pancreatitis, renal failure). Approximately 60% of cases are bilateral, and observation is the basic management strategy.
A comprehensive explanation of the definition, dose threshold, diagnosis, and treatment including anti-VEGF therapy for radiation-induced ocular disorders (cataract, retinopathy, optic neuropathy).
A form of traumatic retinal tear in which the retina is detached from the vitreous base at the ora serrata due to blunt ocular trauma. It is common in young individuals and progresses slowly as a shallow retinal detachment, so attention must be paid to delayed diagnosis.
Retrobulbar hemorrhage is an emergency condition in which blood accumulates in the orbit. It causes proptosis, increased intraocular pressure, and vision loss, and prompt decompression is essential.
This article explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of siderosis and chalcosis, in which retained intraocular metallic foreign bodies (iron or copper) lead to iron and copper ions depositing in eye tissues and causing progressive damage. Severity assessment by ERG and early removal of the foreign body are key to visual prognosis.
Explains the symptoms, causes, OCT diagnosis, and treatment of solar retinopathy. Introduces the pathophysiology and prevention of foveal retinal damage caused by sunlight or phototoxicity.
Explains the definition, mechanism of onset, diagnosis, and treatment of Terson syndrome, a vitreous hemorrhage and preretinal hemorrhage that occurs secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. It develops in 3–20% of SAH cases, and deciding whether vitreous surgery is indicated affects the visual prognosis.
Classification of traumatic cataracts following ocular trauma (blunt, sharp, foreign body, non-mechanical), clinical findings such as Vossius ring, diagnosis, preoperative planning, surgical techniques, amblyopia management in children, and prognosis. Detailed explanation of prognosis prediction using the OTS score and selection criteria for primary versus secondary extraction.
A condition in which blood accumulates in the anterior chamber due to blunt trauma. Classified into Grades 0 to IV. Basic treatment includes rest, cycloplegics, and steroid eye drops. Attention should be paid to rebleeding, elevated intraocular pressure, corneal blood staining, and angle recession glaucoma.
Classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical indications (CTR, intrascleral fixation, vitrectomy) of traumatic lens dislocation/subluxation caused by rupture of the zonules of Zinn due to blunt ocular trauma, along with differential diagnosis from systemic diseases.
This article explains the definition, epidemiology, OCT diagnosis, possibility of spontaneous closure, vitrectomy (with or without ILM peeling), and prognosis of traumatic macular hole caused by blunt ocular trauma or laser injury. It also details the differentiation from idiopathic macular hole and management of choroidal neovascularization.
A dilated pupil caused by rupture of the sphincter pupillae muscle due to blunt trauma. Main symptoms are decreased near vision and photophobia. The diagnosis is suggested by the absence of miosis after instillation of 1% pilocarpine. Differentiation from oculomotor nerve palsy is important.
A disease in which indirect force from blunt trauma to the eyebrow area acts on the optic canal, damaging the optic nerve. Early treatment within 24 to 48 hours after injury greatly affects prognosis. Steroid pulse therapy and optic canal decompression are treatment options.
This article explains the definition, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and artificial eye management of phthisis bulbi, the end-stage condition of an irreversibly atrophied eye following ocular trauma, endophthalmitis, chronic uveitis, etc.
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by open or closed ocular trauma. For open injuries, vitrectomy is the basic approach; for closed injuries, scleral buckling surgery is the standard. It is common in young people and children, and attention must be paid to progression to proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Subconjunctival bleeding caused by blunt trauma to the eye and rupture of conjunctival blood vessels. The bleeding itself usually clears on its own within 1 to 4 weeks, but the most important part of care is ruling out a conjunctival laceration, scleral laceration, or globe rupture hidden beneath the subconjunctiva.
Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis using B-mode ultrasound, indications for vitrectomy, management of ghost cell glaucoma, and prognosis of traumatic vitreous hemorrhage following blunt or open eye injury.