The retina is the light-sensitive nerve tissue at the back of the eye, and the vitreous is the clear gel that fills the eye. This category covers vascular disease, degeneration, detachment, bleeding, and other retinal or vitreous conditions.
252 English articles
Abicipar pegol is a DARPin-based anti-VEGF agent. Clinical trials were conducted for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, but the FDA rejected approval due to a high incidence of intraocular inflammation.
Achromatopsia is an autosomal recessive retinal disease in which all three types of cone photoreceptor cells are dysfunctional. Its main features are reduced visual acuity, photophobia, nystagmus, and lack of color vision. Mutations in the CNGA3 and CNGB3 genes account for the majority of cases.
Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired retinal macroaneurysm (RAM). Covers association with hypertension, FA/IA/OCT findings, and the latest insights on laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy.
Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired retinal macroaneurysm (RAM). Covers association with hypertension, FA/IA/OCT findings, and the latest insights on laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy.
Explanation of the etiology, clinical features, multimodal imaging findings, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy (AEPVM). Covers the differences between idiopathic and paraneoplastic forms.
An acute macular disease that suddenly occurs in young healthy individuals. It presents with acute severe vision loss after influenza-like prodromal symptoms, and the main pathology is choriocapillaris inflammation and RPE damage. Most cases recover spontaneously within weeks to months.
Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) is an outer retinal disease that predominantly affects young women, presenting with sudden paracentral scotoma. An increase in reports following COVID-19 infection and vaccination has drawn attention. OCT and NIR are key to diagnosis.
Explains the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE). Covers the characteristics of placoid lesions due to occlusive vasculitis of the choriocapillaris, multimodal imaging findings, and the latest knowledge on steroid therapy.
An ophthalmologist explains the symptoms, causes, OCT findings, treatment, and prognosis of acute retinal pigment epitheliitis (Krill disease). This is a self-limiting retinal inflammatory disease that commonly occurs in young people and resolves spontaneously within 6 to 12 weeks.
Principles and types of retinal imaging using adaptive optics (AO) (AO-FIO, AO-SLO, AO-OCT), clinical applications in inherited retinal diseases and retinal vascular diseases, limitations, and future prospects.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) definition, staging, diagnostic criteria, OCT findings, and standard treatment based on Japanese clinical guidelines. Covers neovascular AMD, PCV, RAP, geographic atrophy (GA), and the pachychoroid concept.
Aicardi syndrome is characterized by the triad of chorioretinal lacunae, infantile spasms, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. This article explains the ophthalmic findings, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and pathophysiology.
An ophthalmologist explains the classification (OCA, OA, syndromic), symptoms, ocular findings (foveal hypoplasia, iris transillumination, nystagmus, abnormal optic pathway decussation), genetic diagnosis, treatment, and latest research on albinism.
A condition in which systemic anemia causes bilateral retinal hemorrhages. Characterized by Roth spots and hemorrhages predominantly in the posterior pole. Mainly treated medically.
A condition in which systemic anemia causes bilateral retinal hemorrhages. Characterized by Roth spots and hemorrhages predominantly in the posterior pole. Ophthalmic treatment is not required; management focuses on medical treatment of the underlying cause.
A disease in which cracks in Bruch's membrane due to calcification and fragility appear as linear changes in the fundus. It is associated with systemic diseases such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), and when complicated by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), it leads to visual impairment.
An age-related degenerative disease in which calcium-phospholipid complexes deposit in the vitreous body. It is common in elderly individuals and usually asymptomatic, but acute vision loss may occur following posterior vitreous detachment.
A degenerative eye disease in which cholesterol crystals accumulate in the vitreous body. Secondary to trauma or vitreous hemorrhage, golden crystals settle due to gravity.
A complement C5 inhibitor for geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Administered intravitreally as a pegylated RNA aptamer to slow the expansion of GA lesions.
Bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) is an OCT finding indicating a separation within the retina at the level of the photoreceptor inner segment myoid. It is observed in various diseases such as uveitis, exudative age-related macular degeneration, and central serous chorioretinopathy, and is attracting attention as a biomarker of acute exudation.
A rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by dysfunction of primary cilia. It is a multisystem ciliopathy characterized by rod-cone dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, renal abnormalities, cognitive impairment, and hypogonadism.
A type of drusen belonging to the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) spectrum. It is more common in relatively young women, presenting with numerous small yellow drusen in the fundus. It can lead to macular complications such as choroidal neovascularization and geographic atrophy.
A group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of lipopigments in lysosomes. The juvenile form caused by CLN3 mutation is most common, presenting with progressive vision loss, epilepsy, and cognitive and motor decline, leading to death by the early 20s.
A rare non-progressive macular phenotype first reported in 2017. Characterized by multiple yellow-white dots around the fovea, without visual impairment. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, and multimodal imaging is important for differentiation.
A congenital finding, also called epipapillary membrane, consisting of remnants of glial tissue surrounding the hyaloid artery during the embryonic period. Usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, requiring no treatment.
Overview of staging, EOG/OCTA findings, anti-VEGF therapy, and gene therapy prospects for vitelliform macular dystrophy (Best disease) caused by BEST1 gene mutations.
Explanation of staging, multimodal imaging findings, and prospects for gene therapy for hereditary retinal diseases caused by BEST1 gene mutations (Best disease, ARB, AVMD, ADVIRC).
Explanation of the equipment configuration, optical principles, examination procedure, scleral depression method, clinical applications, and comparison with other fundus examination methods for binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO). It is a basic ophthalmic examination that enables wide-field and stereoscopic observation of the retina.
Explanation of the approval process, efficacy, safety, and cost of biosimilar preparations of ranibizumab and aflibercept.
A disease in which a branch of the central retinal artery becomes occluded, causing ischemic damage to the retina in the affected area. It presents with painless acute visual field loss and is an emergency condition in which irreversible changes begin approximately 100 minutes after arterial occlusion. Rapid systemic evaluation is essential due to its association with systemic embolic diseases and stroke.
A retinal vascular disease in which venous occlusion at the arteriovenous crossing causes retinal hemorrhage and macular edema. The prevalence in individuals aged 40 years or older is approximately 2.0%, and intravitreal anti-VEGF injection is the first-line treatment.
An autoimmune retinal degenerative disease associated with malignant tumors. A type of paraneoplastic syndrome in which autoantibodies due to cross-reactivity between tumor antigens and retinal proteins damage photoreceptor cells, causing rapidly progressive vision loss and visual field constriction.
An inherited macular dystrophy that causes well-demarcated chorioretinal atrophy in the macula. PRPH2 gene mutations are the main cause, and progression leads to severe central vision loss.
An ophthalmic emergency in which the central retinal artery suddenly occludes, causing rapid and severe vision loss. Irreversible changes begin approximately 100 minutes after occlusion, and it shares the same risk factors as stroke.
A vascular disease in which the central retinal vein becomes occluded within the optic nerve, causing hemorrhage and edema throughout the retina. It is the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy, and macular edema and neovascular glaucoma determine visual prognosis.
A disease characterized by serous retinal detachment in the macula, presenting with metamorphopsia, micropsia, and central scotoma. It predominantly affects men in their 30s to 40s, with stress and steroids being major risk factors.
A fundus finding in which the red color of the fovea stands out against a whitened retina. It appears in many diseases including central retinal artery occlusion and lysosomal storage disorders, and is an important clinical sign requiring urgent systemic evaluation.
Explains symptoms, risk factors, screening tests, and treatment of drug-induced toxic retinopathy caused by chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ, Plaquenil®). Early detection and preventive management of bull's eye maculopathy.
A closed-eye injury caused by high-velocity projectile impact, resulting in full-thickness rupture of the choroid, Bruch's membrane, and retina with exposure of the sclera. Observation is the mainstay, but surgery is required if retinal detachment occurs.
A condition in which the choroid, Bruch's membrane, and RPE develop wavy undulations. It can be caused by various factors such as ocular hypotony, orbital tumors, increased intracranial pressure, high hyperopia, and posterior scleritis, and may lead to metamorphopsia and decreased visual acuity.
Explains OCT angiography (OCTA) findings of choroidal neovascularization (CNV/MNV). Covers OCTA features of type 1, type 2, and type 3 CNV and PCV, comparison with conventional fluorescein angiography, and notes on artifacts.
A rare benign tumor in which mature bone forms in the choroid. It predominantly affects women in their 10s to 30s and can cause choroidal neovascularization leading to vision loss.
An X-linked recessive chorioretinal dystrophy caused by mutations in the CHM gene. It leads to progressive degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptors, and choriocapillaris, progressing from night blindness to peripheral visual field loss and eventually severe visual impairment. Gene therapy clinical trials are ongoing.
A technique in vitreous surgery that visualizes semitransparent tissues such as the internal limiting membrane, vitreous, and epiretinal membrane using vital dyes. Brilliant Blue G, triamcinolone acetonide, and indocyanine green are used.
Idiopathic retinal vascular disease characterized by abnormal dilation and exudation of retinal capillaries. It predominantly affects young boys and progresses unilaterally.
An inborn error of intracellular vitamin B12 metabolism caused by mutations in the MMACHC gene. The early-onset type presents with macular degeneration and retinal degeneration from infancy, leading to severe visual impairment.
Cone dystrophy is a hereditary disease in which the cone photoreceptors of the retina are progressively impaired. After the age of 20–30, patients develop decreased visual acuity, photophobia, and color vision abnormalities. ERG shows marked reduction of cone responses. Treatment mainly involves light-filtering lenses and low vision care.
White lesions caused by swelling of the nerve fiber layer due to microinfarction of retinal arterioles. They are ocular signs of various underlying diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, collagen disease, and infections, and usually resolve within 6 to 12 weeks.
A complication in which tractional retinal detachment develops or progresses after intravitreal anti-VEGF injection for proliferative retinopathy such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The incidence is about 5%, and it causes rapid vision loss within 1 to 6 weeks after injection.
A general term for a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by crystal deposits in any layer of the retina. It includes hereditary diseases such as Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) and cystinosis, as well as drug-induced crystal deposits such as those caused by tamoxifen.
A condition in which fluid accumulates mainly in the outer plexiform layer of the macula due to breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, resulting in cystoid changes. Causes include diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, post-cataract surgery, and drug-induced factors.
Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) is a PLGA sustained-release formulation for DME, RVO, and uveitis. It suppresses macular edema by releasing dexamethasone for up to 6 months.
Diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) is a condition in diabetic patients characterized by capillary occlusion and atrophy in the macula, leading to enlargement of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and decreased visual acuity. Advanced imaging techniques such as OCTA and AO-OCT enable evaluation at the photoreceptor level.
Optic disc edema occurring in diabetic patients, with minimal visual changes and often spontaneous resolution within 3 to 6 months. It is presumed to be caused by microvascular damage to the optic disc, and diagnosis of exclusion is required.
Diabetic retinopathy is a retinal microvascular disorder associated with diabetes and is one of the leading causes of acquired visual impairment. This article explains the staging based on the modified Davis classification, treatment of macular edema primarily with anti-VEGF therapy, and treatment of proliferative retinopathy with panretinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy.
Unilateral multifocal chorioretinitis caused by a nematode migrating in the subretinal space. It commonly affects healthy children and young adults, and if early treatment is missed, it can lead to severe irreversible vision loss. Laser photocoagulation and oral albendazole are the mainstays of treatment.
A morphological abnormality in which the macula protrudes forward within a posterior staphyloma associated with high myopia. It is thought to be caused by localized thickening of the subfoveal sclera and may be complicated by serous subretinal fluid or choroidal neovascularization.
Autosomal dominant retinal dystrophy caused by the R345W mutation in the EFEMP1 gene. It forms radially arranged drusen in the posterior pole and around the optic disc, clinically resembling age-related macular degeneration.
A general term for conditions in which toxicity occurs in the macula and retina due to systemically or locally administered drugs. Causative drugs include chloroquine derivatives, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antiviral drugs, and many others. Early detection and discontinuation of the causative drug affect the prognosis.
Idiopathic peripheral retinal vasculitis characterized by periphlebitis, vascular occlusion, and neovascularization. It predominantly affects healthy young men and causes recurrent vitreous hemorrhage. Hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein is the most likely etiological theory.
Explanation of ophthalmic complications of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Uveitis, retinal lesions, cataracts, and persistence of virus in the anterior chamber as part of post-Ebola virus disease syndrome (PEVDS) and their management.
Detailed explanation of the principle, procedure, normal values, abnormal findings, and target diseases of electrooculography (EOG). An electrophysiological test to evaluate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) function.
Electroretinography (ERG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation. This article explains the types of full-field ERG, multifocal ERG, and pattern ERG, as well as the test procedure and clinical applications.
Purulent inflammation of intraocular fluids, occurring after surgery, trauma, or hematogenous dissemination from a systemic infection focus. Characterized by hypopyon and vitreous opacity; a highly urgent disease where prompt diagnosis and treatment determine visual prognosis.
A fibrocellular proliferative tissue formed on the inner limiting membrane of the retina. It is classified into idiopathic and secondary types, and causes metamorphopsia and visual loss. This article explains Gass classification, OCT diagnosis, vitrectomy including ILM peeling, complications, and long-term prognosis.
Explains the pathology, OCT findings, differentiation from ERM, and surgical methods (EP embedding, ILM flap combined) of epiretinal proliferation (ERP/LHEP) based on literature. Also details the relationship with lamellar macular hole and full-thickness macular hole.
A comprehensive explanation of the definition, history, indications, surgical techniques, anesthesia methods, tamponade, and postoperative management of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Includes 25–27G MIVS, selection guidelines for sub-Tenon anesthesia and retrobulbar anesthesia, and contraindications for nitrous oxide.
A non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by subretinal fluid accumulation due to dysfunction of retinal vessels, RPE, and choroid. It has various causes including inflammation, infection, tumor, and drugs.
A hereditary vitreoretinal disease characterized by retinal vascular dysplasia due to genetic abnormalities. Features include peripheral avascular retina, retinal traction, and exudative changes, leading to retinal detachment in severe cases.
A hereditary vitreoretinal disease characterized by retinal vascular dysplasia due to genetic abnormalities. Features include peripheral avascular retina, retinal traction, and exudative changes, leading to retinal detachment in severe cases.
A rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by IGFBP7 gene mutation. Characterized by bilateral retinal arterial macroaneurysms and arterial beading, with life-threatening systemic complications such as pulmonary artery stenosis and coronary artery aneurysms.
Sustained-release steroid implant for diabetic macular edema and non-infectious posterior uveitis. Reduces treatment burden through continuous drug release for 36 months.
An examination method in which sodium fluorescein is administered intravenously and the retinal and choroidal circulation is imaged with a fundus camera. It is essential for evaluating the blood-retinal barrier and diagnosing fundus diseases. This article comprehensively explains the interpretation of hypofluorescence, hyperfluorescence, and vascular abnormalities, as well as side effects and anaphylaxis management.
Focal choroidal excavation (FCE) is a localized depression of the choroid detected by OCT, not associated with posterior staphyloma or scleral ectasia. It is often asymptomatic and found incidentally, but attention should be paid to complications such as choroidal neovascularization and CSC.
The foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) is a novel vitreous replacement device developed for eye preservation in severe retinal detachment and ocular trauma. It consists of a capsule, tube, and valve, featuring 360-degree retinal support and prevention of silicone oil emulsification.
Changes in foveal microstructure observed on OCT associated with vitreoretinal interface disorders and cystoid macular edema. Classified into three stages: cotton ball sign, foveal detachment, and acquired vitelliform lesion.
A congenital retinal anomaly in which the foveal pit does not develop. Associated with albinism, aniridia, and other conditions, it presents with reduced visual acuity and nystagmus. Severity and visual prognosis are assessed using the OCT Leicester grading system.
Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a non-invasive imaging technique that evaluates the metabolic state of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by utilizing the intrinsic fluorescence of lipofuscin within the RPE, without the use of contrast agents. It is widely used for diagnosis and monitoring of age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal dystrophies, uveitis, and other conditions.
An infection of the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous humor) caused by fungi, broadly classified into endogenous (hematogenous dissemination) and exogenous (surgery or trauma). Candida and Aspergillus are the main causative organisms, and antifungal drug administration and vitrectomy are the mainstays of treatment.
A subtype of familial adenomatous polyposis caused by APC gene mutation, characterized by colorectal adenomatous polyposis accompanied by osteomas, soft tissue tumors, and epidermal cysts. Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is key for early diagnosis.
A full-thickness retinal tear extending over 90 degrees (3 clock hours), accounting for approximately 1.5% of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Vitrectomy with perfluorocarbon liquid is the standard treatment, and prophylactic treatment of the fellow eye is also important.
Gyrate atrophy is an autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy caused by deficiency of ornithine aminotransferase due to OAT gene mutation, leading to highly elevated plasma ornithine and progressive atrophy of the choroid and retina. Responsiveness to vitamin B6 influences treatment strategy.
A rare autosomal dominant chorioretinal degenerative disease caused by TEAD1 gene mutation, characterized by spiral atrophy around the optic disc. Also known as Sveinsson chorioretinal atrophy.
An extremely rare retinal vasculitis that occurs after intracameral vancomycin administration during cataract surgery. Explains diagnostic criteria, clinical findings, treatment, and prevention.
A disease characterized by retinal hemorrhage and papilledema caused by the low-pressure, hypoxic environment at high altitudes. Explains the Wiedman-Tabin classification, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
A treatment that administers 100% oxygen under high pressure of 1.4 ATA or higher. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is the only ophthalmic indication approved by UHMS, and off-label use has been reported for other eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and optic neuropathy. Attention should also be paid to ophthalmic complications such as hyperoxic myopia and cataracts.
Small hyperreflective lesions less than 30 μm detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT). They are attracting attention as biomarkers of inflammation and degeneration in various retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
A disease in which retinal blood vessels are damaged by systemic hypertension. Through vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, fundus changes such as hemorrhages, exudates, and papilledema occur. Severe cases are also a risk indicator for cardiovascular disease and stroke.
Definition of hypotony maculopathy, threshold intraocular pressure (8–10 mmHg), OCT findings of chorioretinal folds and photoreceptor folds, conservative treatment (autologous blood injection, transconjunctival scleral flap suture), and surgical treatment (laser photocoagulation, cyclopexy, bleb revision).
Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome) is an X-linked dominant disorder caused by mutations in the IKBKG gene, characterized by four stages of skin lesions as well as ocular complications such as retinal vascular occlusion, neovascularization, and retinal detachment.
Indocyanine green fluorescence fundus angiography (ICGA) explains the principles, procedures, indications, interpretation of findings, and safety. It is a near-infrared fluorescence imaging test that visualizes choroidal vessels.
Internal limiting membrane dystrophy (ILMD) is a rare hereditary retinal dystrophy caused by defects in Müller cells, leading to delamination of the internal limiting membrane and cystoid spaces. It presents with a characteristic sheen in the posterior pole and may cause vision loss in later life.
Systematic interpretation of normal and abnormal findings in color fundus photographs. Interpretation of findings of the optic disc, vascular system, hemorrhages, and macula based on color information and morphology.
Classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of intraocular vascular tumors (retinal capillary hemangioma, choroidal hemangioma, retinal cavernous hemangioma, retinal arteriovenous malformation, retinal vasoproliferative tumor). Also covers associations with VHL disease and Sturge-Weber syndrome.
Explanation of intraoperative detection methods for occult retinal breaks in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery. Principles and indications of scleral depression, schlieren phenomenon, dye drainage, cryotherapy test, and endoscopic observation.
Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs is a standard treatment for retinal vascular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion. This article comprehensively covers drug specifics, procedures, disease-specific regimens, and complications.
Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs is a standard treatment for retinal vascular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity. This article comprehensively covers drug specifics, procedures, disease-specific regimens, and complications.
A technique in which the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeled during macular hole surgery is inverted to cover the hole. It achieves a high closure rate in cases that are difficult to close with standard surgery, such as large, chronic, or myopic macular holes.
A rare autosomal recessive syndrome caused by mutations in the COL18A1 gene, characterized by high myopia, vitreoretinal degeneration, and occipital bone defects. Abnormalities in type XVIII collagen lead to various clinical manifestations in the eyes and nervous system.
Segmental yellow-white deposits along the retinal arteries, a reversible finding associated with severe intraocular inflammation such as toxoplasmosis or acute retinal necrosis. They are localized to the endothelium of the arterial wall and are characterized by the absence of leakage on fluorescein angiography.
An outpatient procedure using Nd:YAG laser to vaporize and break up vitreous opacities (floaters). It can provide symptom relief for selected cases of floaters.
Granulomatous uveitis caused by exposure of lens proteins that have lost immunological privilege within the eye. It is a rare disease triggered by hypermature cataract or capsular rupture due to trauma, and lens extraction is the only curative treatment.
Explanation of symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of leukemic retinopathy. Introduces characteristic fundus findings such as Roth spots and retinal hemorrhages, treatments including radiation therapy and leukapheresis, GVHD-related ocular complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the latest imaging diagnosis using OCTA.
Explains symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of leukemic retinopathy. Introduces characteristic fundus findings such as Roth spots and retinal hemorrhages, treatments including leukapheresis and vitrectomy, and the latest imaging diagnosis using OCTA.
A type of arenavirus that naturally infects rodents. In acquired infections, it causes aseptic meningitis; in congenital infections, it leads to severe neurological sequelae such as chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and periventricular calcification.
A macular hole (MH) is a full-thickness defect of the retina at the fovea, causing decreased central vision and metamorphopsia. With vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and gas tamponade, 91–98% of cases achieve closure, and visual improvement persists for up to 3 years postoperatively.
A bilateral retinal disease characterized by perifoveal capillary telangiectasia and neurodegeneration. Müller cell dysfunction is considered the origin of the pathology, slowly progressing to ellipsoid zone loss and subretinal neovascularization.
Characteristic retinal changes associated with severe malaria (especially cerebral malaria) caused by Plasmodium falciparum. It presents with retinal whitening, vascular discoloration, retinal hemorrhages, and optic disc edema, and is an important clinical finding for improving diagnostic accuracy of cerebral malaria.
Submacular hemorrhage (SMH) is a condition with poor visual prognosis in which blood accumulates between the retinal pigment epithelium and the neurosensory retina. Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause, and treatment options include anti-VEGF therapy, pneumatic displacement, and vitrectomy.
McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V, GSD5) is a metabolic muscle disease caused by myophosphorylase deficiency. It is characterized by reduced exercise tolerance and rhabdomyolysis, and has been reported to be associated with retinal pattern dystrophy due to impaired glycogen metabolism in the retinal pigment epithelium.
A rare paraneoplastic syndrome associated with melanoma, in which retinal function is impaired by an autoimmune mechanism involving anti-retinal bipolar cell antibodies.
A rare group of genetic disorders characterized by microcephaly and chorioretinopathy. Mutations in four genes (TUBGCP6, PLK4, TUBGCP4, KIF11) cause these conditions, which may involve visual impairment and intellectual disability.
Microperimetry (microperimeter) is a visual function test that integrates fundus imaging and perimetry. It accurately maps light sensitivity at specific retinal locations, enabling structure-function correlation analysis.
A congenital anomaly in which an embryonic remnant of the hyaloid artery persists on the posterior lens capsule. It is the mildest change of persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) and usually does not affect visual function.
A congenital anomaly in which nerve fibers within the retina are myelinated. It appears as brush-like white opacities on fundus examination, and is often asymptomatic, but may occasionally be associated with high myopia or amblyopia.
Choroidal neovascularization (MNV) that occurs in the fundus of pathologic myopia. It occurs in 5–11% of high myopia eyes and is the leading cause of MNV in individuals aged 50 years or younger. Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs is the first-line treatment.
A general term for tractional retinal changes that develop in highly myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma. It presents various pathologies such as retinoschisis, macular hole, and tractional retinal detachment, and advanced cases require surgical intervention.
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome, broadly classified into NF1 and NF2. It causes various lesions in the skin, nerves, bones, and eyes. Ophthalmologically important manifestations include Lisch nodules, optic gliomas, retinal hamartomas, and glaucoma.
A disease characterized by inflammation of the optic disc with stellate hard exudates in the macula. Cat scratch disease is the most common cause, and most cases have a good visual prognosis.
An X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NDP gene. It presents with bilateral retinal dysplasia and blindness from birth, and may be accompanied by progressive sensorineural hearing loss and cognitive impairment.
A congenital macular dysplasia with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is non-progressive and often maintains stable vision throughout life, but vision loss may occur due to complications of choroidal neovascularization.
A rare hereditary macular dystrophy characterized by progressive central vision loss despite normal fundus findings. Mutations in the RP1L1 gene are the main cause, also known as Miyake disease.
An intraocular infection associated with candidemia, presenting a variety of clinical manifestations from chorioretinitis to endophthalmitis. Early diagnosis and treatment can lead to good visual prognosis, while advanced cases may result in severe visual impairment.
A rare complication primarily involving retinal hemorrhage that occurs after intervention associated with rapid intraocular pressure reduction. Often asymptomatic and resolves spontaneously.
Explanation of ocular complications caused by Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). It is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease, with macular and perimacular retinitis as characteristic ocular findings. Permanent vision loss occurs in 40–50% of cases with retinal complications.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease) is an autosomal dominant vascular malformation disorder that presents with various ocular findings, including conjunctival and retinal telangiectasias and orbital arteriovenous malformations.
Ocular symptoms of a systemic vascular disease that threatens vision, caused by ocular hypoperfusion due to severe carotid artery stenosis or occlusion. Characterized by iris rubeosis and retinal artery narrowing, and can be a precursor to cerebral infarction.
Various ocular manifestations associated with DiGeorge syndrome caused by 22q11.2 microdeletion. It presents a wide range of ocular complications including retinal vascular tortuosity, posterior embryotoxon, eyelid abnormalities, and microphthalmia.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in type I collagen genes. It presents with various ocular complications such as blue sclera, glaucoma, and retinal detachment, making regular ophthalmologic follow-up important.
Explanation of ocular manifestations associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Comprehensive description of retinal astrocytic hamartomas, optic nerve hamartomas, anterior segment findings, and neuro-ophthalmic complications.
Explains symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular siderosis caused by retained iron-containing intraocular foreign bodies. Includes data on severity assessment by ERG and surgical outcomes.
A systemic zoonotic infection caused by Brucella species that spreads to the eye, causing uveitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, and other conditions. Early diagnosis in endemic areas and appropriate antibiotic treatment are key to preserving vision.
This article explains ocular complications associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), including retinal vasculopathy, Coats-like disease, and lagophthalmos.
Ocular complications associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by hantavirus. Various ocular findings such as myopic shift, intraocular pressure changes, and subconjunctival hemorrhage may occur, but most are transient and resolve spontaneously.
A group of inherited metabolic disorders caused by abnormalities in peroxisome (organelle) formation, leading to systemic symptoms. Includes several types such as Zellweger syndrome and Refsum disease, and causes various ocular complications including retinitis pigmentosa, cataracts, and corneal opacity.
An extremely rare non-hereditary congenital neurocutaneous disease that causes arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the retina, brain, and orbit. It can lead to ocular complications such as vision loss and vitreous hemorrhage.
Rare but serious eye injuries caused by cosmetic laser procedures such as hair removal, tattoo removal, and facial resurfacing. They can cause a variety of disorders from the anterior to the posterior segment of the eye.
A rare but highly fatal intraoperative complication in which air enters the systemic venous circulation from the suprachoroidal space due to cannula dislodgement during air infusion in vitreous surgery.
Ocular complications associated with tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV). Ocular findings may include conjunctival injection, retinal hemorrhage, vitreous hemorrhage, and papilledema.
This article explains the principles, techniques, indications, and interpretation of A-mode, B-mode, and UBM (ultrasound biomicroscopy) used in ophthalmology. It is an essential imaging diagnostic method for evaluating intraocular lesions and when the ocular media are opaque.
A disease in which fly larvae (maggots) infest the eye. It is classified into external and internal types, with Oestrus ovis (sheep botfly) being the most common causative species. It is more common in rural areas and among livestock workers, but also occurs in urban areas.
A benign tumor with heavy pigmentation arising from the optic disc. Most cases are asymptomatic, but visual symptoms may occur due to vascular occlusion or necrosis. OCT-A microvascular assessment is useful for differential diagnosis.
A congenital depression (pit) in the optic disc that is associated with serous macular detachment (optic disc pit maculopathy) in 25–75% of cases, leading to vision loss.
A non-invasive imaging technique that captures cross-sectional images of the retina. It is an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring many eye diseases such as macular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
A non-invasive fundus angiography technique that three-dimensionally visualizes retinal and choroidal vascular networks without the use of contrast agents. It is widely applied in the diagnosis and follow-up of diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, and other conditions.
Collateral vessels on the optic disc connecting the retinal and choroidal circulations. They form in association with CRVO or optic nerve sheath meningioma and do not require treatment themselves, but are an important finding for diagnosing the underlying disease.
Explains the anatomical structure of the ora serrata, its association with ora serrata tears and peripheral retinal detachment, and its importance in vitreous surgery.
Outer retinal tubulation (ORT) is a form of photoreceptor reorganization that occurs in chronic degenerative retinal diseases. This article explains the characteristic OCT findings, differential diagnosis, and clinical significance.
Oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems, is a central pathological mechanism involved in the onset and progression of over 100 ophthalmic diseases, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, and retinitis pigmentosa.
A disease in which new blood vessels form beneath the retinal pigment epithelium against a background of choroidal thickening. It accounts for about half of exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japan, and anti-VEGF therapy and PDT are the mainstays of treatment.
A group of diseases characterized by abnormally dilated choroidal vessels (pachyvessels). This concept encompasses central serous chorioretinopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and retinal pigment epithelial detachment.
Pachydrusen are sub-RPE deposits belonging to the pachychoroid spectrum, with a pathogenesis distinct from soft drusen. This article explains their association with the progression of PCV and typical AMD, as well as differential diagnosis.
An acute macular disease caused by ischemia of the intermediate retinal capillary plexus. It is characterized by paracentral scotoma and a hyperreflective band in the inner nuclear layer, and is associated with various systemic diseases such as retinal arteriovenous occlusion, hypertension, and sickle cell disease.
A group of inherited macular degenerations characterized by lipofuscin accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mainly caused by PRPH2 gene mutations, leading to mild visual impairment in middle age and later.
A collective term for surgical treatments of vitreoretinal diseases occurring in childhood, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), and Coats disease. It requires a specialized approach considering anatomical and physiological characteristics different from adults.
A complement C3/C3b inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2023 for geographic atrophy (GA). It is a first-in-class treatment that slows the expansion of GA lesions with monthly or every-other-month intravitreal injections.
Open globe injury caused by sharp objects or high-velocity projectiles that damage the cornea and sclera through full thickness. Prompt diagnosis and surgical repair within 24 hours are critical for visual prognosis.
A progressive pigmentary maculopathy caused by long-term use of pentosan polysulfate (PPS), a treatment for interstitial cystitis. The risk increases with higher cumulative doses, and progression may continue after discontinuation.
A rare retinal disease characterized by isolated aneurysmal vascular abnormalities around the fovea, leading to vision loss due to exudative changes. It is often resistant to anti-VEGF therapy, making treatment selection challenging.
A cavitary lesion within the choroid that occurs at the lower edge of the peripapillary conus in highly myopic eyes. It is reliably detected by SD-OCT and may be associated with visual field defects, but there is no established active treatment, and observation is the basic approach.
A disease in which the choroid around the optic disc is abnormally thickened, leading to exudative changes around the optic disc. It is a subtype of the pachychoroid disease spectrum and commonly occurs in elderly men with hyperopic eyes.
A rare chorioretinal disease causing hemorrhagic and exudative lesions in the temporal peripheral retina of elderly individuals. It is positioned within the pachychoroid spectrum, and differentiation from choroidal melanoma is the most important clinical challenge.
A general term for various degenerative changes in the retina occurring from the ora serrata to the equator. Most are benign and asymptomatic, but some, such as lattice degeneration, can cause retinal detachment.
A congenital eye disease in which the fetal hyaloid vascular system fails to regress and persists. The triad includes leukocoria, microphthalmia, and cataract, with 70–90% of cases being unilateral. Early surgery and amblyopia treatment are key to visual prognosis.
A non-invasive light therapy using red to near-infrared light (590–850 nm). It received FDA approval in 2024, and clinical trials are evaluating its efficacy for conditions such as atrophic AMD, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa.
A treatment for retinal and choroidal diseases combining the photosensitizer verteporfin with a 689 nm laser. Used for age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and others.
A rare hereditary retinal disease characterized by pigmentation and retinochoroidal atrophy along the retinal veins. It is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, with a non-progressive or slowly progressive course.
A disease characterized by polyp-like vascular dilations arising from an abnormal branching vascular network in the choroid. It is common in exudative age-related macular degeneration among Asians and Japanese, and definitive diagnosis by ICGA along with anti-VEGF therapy and PDT are important.
A refillable ranibizumab sustained-release device permanently implanted in the sclera. It significantly reduces the injection burden of anti-VEGF therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration, maintaining continuous drug concentration with refills every 24 weeks.
Endophthalmitis occurring as a complication of intravitreal injection. Although incidence is low, rapid diagnosis and treatment are critical for visual prognosis.
A physiological, age-related change in which the posterior vitreous cortex separates from the internal limiting membrane of the retina. It is the most common cause of floaters and photopsia, and differentiation from retinal tear and retinal detachment is important.
An infectious inflammation caused by pathogenic microorganisms entering the eye after cataract surgery. It is classified into acute and delayed-onset types, and prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for visual prognosis.
A chorioretinal disease secondary to Histoplasma capsulatum infection. It causes the classic triad (histo spots, peripapillary atrophy, and absence of vitritis) and vision loss due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
A rare malignant lymphoma that occurs inside the eye. It is a subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma, often presenting with findings similar to uveitis, leading to delayed diagnosis. Intravitreal methotrexate injection is the first-line treatment.
An abnormal proliferative disease that occurs as a complication of retinal detachment. Fibrous membranes form on the retina, causing traction and making surgery difficult.
Cystoid macular edema (CME) occurring after cataract surgery. The main mechanism is disruption of the blood-retinal barrier mediated by prostaglandins and VEGF, and it is one of the common causes of postoperative visual acuity loss.
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. It is a designated intractable disease that leads to calcification and fragmentation of elastic fibers, resulting in multi-organ damage to the skin, eyes, and cardiovascular system.
A characteristic chorioretinopathy associated with trauma or systemic diseases (e.g., acute pancreatitis, renal failure, preeclampsia) that presents with white patches, hemorrhages, and Purtscher flecken in the posterior pole. It causes bilateral painless vision loss.
A chronic progressive occlusive microvasculopathy that develops after radiation therapy to the eye, head and neck, or brain. It is associated with macular edema and neovascularization, leading to severe visual impairment.
A rare bilateral inflammatory choroidal disease first reported in 2000. It combines features of APMPPE and serpiginous choroiditis, and is a refractory disease in which new lesions continue to appear over months to years.
Renal retinopathy is a retinopathy associated with malignant hypertension and chronic glomerulonephritis, characterized by hypertensive changes combined with uremic toxins and metabolic disturbances, leading to multiple cotton-wool spots and serous retinal detachment. Treatment of the underlying disease and blood pressure control are important.
Yellow-white reticular deposits in the subretinal space on the surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). They are precursor lesions of age-related macular degeneration and increase the risk of geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularization.
A special type of age-related macular degeneration characterized by neovascularization originating from the intraretinal capillary plexus (type 3 MNV). It predominantly affects elderly women, has a high rate of bilateral involvement, and tends to be treatment-resistant. Intravitreal anti-VEGF injection is the first-line treatment, and combination with PDT is also an option.
A benign glial tumor arising in the retinal nerve fiber layer. It frequently appears as an ocular manifestation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and can also occur sporadically. Most cases are asymptomatic, but it may cause complications such as macular edema or branch retinal vein occlusion.
Retinal capillary hemangioma (RCH) is a benign vascular tumor caused by VHL gene mutations and frequently appears as an ocular manifestation of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. Early detection and treatment directly affect visual prognosis.
General overview of retinal detachment (rhegmatogenous, tractional, exudative, traumatic). A hub article for a group of diseases systematically explaining classification, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment strategy, and prognosis.
A phenomenon in which the retina shifts relative to the RPE after surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). It causes metamorphopsia and aniseikonia, and is diagnosed by a hyperautofluorescent line on fundus autofluorescence imaging.
A general term for retinal vascular events and inflammatory lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Reported findings include retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, cotton wool spots, and punctate hemorrhages. The main mechanisms are thought to be hypercoagulability and cytokine storm.
A rare fundus finding in which retinal blood vessels change from milky white to cream color due to hypertriglyceridemia. It resolves quickly with normalization of triglyceride levels, but early detection of the underlying metabolic disorder is important.
Explains the principles, techniques, and clinical applications of retinal oximetry. Introduces the two-wavelength method based on the Lambert-Beer law, changes in oxygen saturation in various diseases, and prospects as a biomarker for systemic diseases.
Comprehensive explanation of the principles, types, and indications of laser treatment for retinal diseases. Covers various techniques such as panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), focal photocoagulation, and subthreshold micropulse laser, along with the latest evidence.
A condition in which the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) separates from Bruch's membrane. It is an important associated finding in age-related macular degeneration and central serous chorioretinopathy, and significantly affects visual prognosis.
A retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tear is a condition in which the RPE abruptly tears in an area with pigment epithelial detachment (PED), exposing Bruch's membrane and the choroid. This article explains its association with age-related macular degeneration and anti-VEGF therapy, imaging diagnostic findings, and visual prognosis based on Sarraf grading.
An implantable device that activates remaining retinal neurons via electrical or chemical stimulation in patients with photoreceptor loss due to retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. It aims to partially restore vision.
Explains retinal tears caused by traction at sites of vitreoretinal adhesion, retinal holes due to atrophy, and lattice degeneration as a peripheral degeneration. Comprehensively describes risk factors, diagnosis, laser treatment, and indications for prophylactic retinal photocoagulation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
Explains the evaluation of retinal and choroidal vessels using OCT-A (optical coherence tomography angiography). Covers the structure of normal vascular plexuses, interpretation of abnormal findings, and precautions regarding artifacts.
A condition characterized by inflammation of retinal blood vessels. It is associated with various underlying diseases such as SLE, Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis, and GPA. Stepwise treatment with steroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics is the standard approach.
Explanation of the definition, classification (BRVO, CRVO), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment (anti-VEGF therapy, laser photocoagulation) of retinal vein occlusion (RVO).
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): symptoms, causative genes, tests, treatments, and latest research. Onset with night blindness and visual field constriction; an inherited retinal dystrophy involving over 100 genes.
A disease involving fundus degeneration in high myopia (≥ -6D or axial length ≥ 26.5 mm). Comprehensive explanation of myopic maculopathy (choroidal atrophy, MNV, MTM). It is the second leading cause of adult blindness in Japan. Anti-VEGF drugs and vitrectomy are the main treatments.
An ocular fundus disease that occurs in association with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia/eclampsia). It is primarily caused by choroidal and retinal circulatory disturbances due to hypertension, leading to serous retinal detachment and visual impairment. Most cases resolve spontaneously after delivery.
Explains the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of three types of retinoschisis (age-related, X-linked, and myopic). Details differential diagnosis by OCT, ERG findings, and the latest research on gene therapy.
A disease in which a tear in the retina allows liquefied vitreous to flow beneath the retina, separating the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium. It occurs in 1 to 1.5 per 10,000 people annually and generally requires emergency surgical treatment. Initial surgery achieves reattachment in over 90% of cases, but visual prognosis depends largely on the presence or absence of macular detachment.
Advanced technology that utilizes robotic techniques to enhance the precision of vitreoretinal surgery. It supports delicate procedures such as ILM peeling, subretinal injection, and retinal vein cannulation through tremor filtering and motion scaling.
Explanation of causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Roth spots. Detailed description of pathophysiology of retinal hemorrhage with white center, and association with infective endocarditis, anemia, and leukemia.
An autosomal recessive retinal degeneration caused by mutations in NR2E3/NRL genes. It presents with night blindness, macular schisis, and characteristic ERG findings, and belongs to the same spectrum as Goldmann-Favre syndrome.
Acute ischemic retinopathy caused by external compression of the eye during prolonged loss of consciousness due to drug abuse. Visual impairment is often severe and permanent.
Secondary open-angle glaucoma in which photoreceptor outer segments obstruct the trabecular meshwork, causing elevated intraocular pressure, associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Intraocular pressure usually normalizes after retinal reattachment.
IOL fixation method for eyes without capsular support. Explains sutured and sutureless techniques, IOL selection, complications, and latest findings.
Sclerochoroidal calcification (SCC) is a rare calcified lesion occurring at the junction of the sclera and choroid. Approximately 79% of cases are idiopathic and managed with observation, but it is necessary to evaluate for associations with systemic diseases such as hyperparathyroidism and Gitelman syndrome.
Explains the triad of retinal hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and encephalopathy in shaken baby syndrome, the PediBIRN clinical decision rule, prevention, and international controversy.
Macular thinning in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Early detection by OCT/OCTA and its association with silent cerebral infarction are discussed.
Retinal vascular disorder associated with sickle cell disease. Explains non-proliferative and proliferative stages according to Goldberg classification, laser treatment, and gene therapy (Casgevy/Lyfgenia).
Explains the causes, symptoms, examination, and treatment of Siegrist streaks and Elschnig spots seen in hypertensive choroidopathy. Also describes the association with malignant hypertension and giant cell arteritis.
Explains the symptoms, causes, OCT diagnosis, and treatment of solar retinopathy. Introduces the pathophysiology and prevention of foveal retinal damage due to sunlight and phototoxicity.
An autosomal dominant macular dystrophy caused by mutations in the TIMP3 gene. It typically presents in the 3rd to 4th decade of life and is characterized by choroidal neovascularization and macular atrophy.
A disease in which the eyeball wall bulges posteriorly in a localized manner. The most common type is posterior staphyloma associated with pathologic myopia, which causes serious complications such as myopic foveoschisis, retinal detachment, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
Explains symptoms, causes (ABCA4 gene, etc.), diagnostic methods (dark choroid, FAF, OCT), current treatments, and latest research on Stargardt disease. Also details genotype-phenotype correlation, differential diagnosis, and genetic counseling.
Explains symptoms, causes (ABCA4 gene, etc.), diagnostic methods (dark choroid, FAF, OCT), current treatments, and latest research on Stargardt disease. Also details genotype-phenotype correlation, differential diagnosis, and genetic counseling.
First reported in 2021, SMACH is a rare disease presenting with yellow-orange stellate dendritic lesions in the choroid. Diagnosis and follow-up are based on multimodal imaging.
Explains symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of SNIFR (Stellate Nonhereditary Idiopathic Foveomacular Retinoschisis). Also details differentiation from X-linked congenital retinoschisis.
An inherited connective tissue disease caused by collagen gene mutations. Characterized by ocular complications such as high myopia, retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma, as well as systemic features including cleft palate and hearing loss.
A rare congenital syndrome characterized by the triad of myelinated retinal nerve fibers, axial myopia, and amblyopia. This article covers the classification of MRNF, diagnosis, and amblyopia treatment.
Explanation of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH). Introduction of risk factors and management as a complication of cataract and glaucoma surgery.
Intraocular hemorrhage secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Explanation of indications and timing for vitrectomy, and multiple pathophysiological hypotheses.
Explanation of symptoms, causes, OCT classification, diagnosis, and treatment of torpedo maculopathy. Characteristics of torpedo-shaped hypopigmented lesions on the temporal side of the macula due to congenital RPE abnormality and points for follow-up observation.
A non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by traction from proliferative membranes or vitreous. Main causes include proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and penetrating ocular trauma. The principle of treatment is traction removal via vitrectomy.
Transient monocular vision loss that occurs when using a smartphone in a dark environment. It is a normal physiological response due to the difference in light adaptation between the two eyes.
A severe infection caused by microorganisms entering the eye after an open globe injury. It occurs in 1–3% of penetrating eye injuries, and early diagnosis with aggressive antimicrobial treatment directly impacts visual prognosis.
A group of small-molecule compounds that inhibit VEGF receptors from within cells. Aiming to reduce the treatment burden of anti-VEGF therapy for nAMD and DME, several formulations are in clinical trials via intravitreal, suprachoroidal, and topical routes.
A rare complication (UVLASOR) of unexplained visual loss after silicone oil removal following vitreoretinal surgery, with no other apparent cause. Incidence is 1–10%, and tamponade duration is the greatest risk factor.
A rare retinal disease that causes degeneration and atrophy at the photoreceptor level in only one eye. It presents with fundus findings similar to bilateral retinitis pigmentosa (RP), but the contralateral eye remains normal.
A technique for noninvasively assessing retinal changes in neurodegenerative diseases using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Research is underway on its application for early diagnosis and disease monitoring of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and others.
A rare genetic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa. It follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and is designated as an intractable disease in Japan. It is classified into three clinical subtypes, with progressive visual field constriction and hearing loss as features.
A sudden increase in intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure (Valsalva maneuver) elevates intraocular venous pressure, causing rupture of superficial macular capillaries and resulting in preretinal hemorrhage. It can occur in healthy eyes; most cases resolve spontaneously, but severe cases require surgery.
This article explains the types, administration methods, and clinical applications of viral vectors (AAV, adenovirus, lentivirus) used in gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases in the field of ophthalmology.
An objective test that records electrical signals generated in the occipital visual cortex in response to visual stimulation using scalp electrodes. It is widely used for evaluating optic nerve disorders, measuring visual function in infants, and differentiating psychogenic visual disturbances.
A vitreoretinal interface disease in which incomplete posterior vitreous detachment causes the vitreous to remain attached to the macula, leading to changes in macular morphology and decreased visual function due to anteroposterior traction.
A condition in which incomplete posterior vitreous detachment causes persistent vitreous attachment around the optic disc, leading to morphological damage to the optic nerve head due to traction. OCT imaging is useful for definitive diagnosis, and most cases improve with observation.
A rare cystic lesion that occurs in the vitreous cavity. It is classified into congenital and acquired types. Most cases are asymptomatic, but when it obstructs the visual axis, it can cause floaters and transient visual blurring.
A disease that causes sudden vision loss and floaters due to bleeding into the vitreous cavity. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, posterior vitreous detachment, and ocular trauma are the main causes. Early identification and treatment of the underlying disease are important.
A condition in which vitreous humor prolapses into a wound after ophthalmic surgery or trauma, forming a vitreous wick. It can cause cystoid macular edema (CME) and endophthalmitis.
Bilateral granulomatous panuveitis caused by T-cell-mediated autoimmune reaction against melanocyte-associated antigens. It predominantly affects young to middle-aged adults of pigmented races and is characterized by exudative retinal detachment, neurological symptoms, auditory symptoms, and skin manifestations.
A benign dilation of the ampulla of the vortex vein within the eye. It appears as a saccular or teardrop-shaped choroidal elevation at the equator, often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally.
The first eye drop approved by the FDA for presbyopia in adults. Pilocarpine constricts the pupil, increasing depth of focus and improving near vision.
An autosomal dominant hereditary vitreoretinal degeneration caused by VCAN gene mutation. It is a rare disease characterized by optically empty vitreous, presenting with myopia, juvenile cataract, night blindness, and progressive chorioretinal atrophy.
Retinopathy associated with systemic hematologic disease caused by excessive IgM production in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), which increases serum viscosity and leads to dilation, tortuosity, and hemorrhage of retinal veins.
A rare idiopathic maculopathy observed in middle-aged and older adults from West Africa. Birefringent yellow-green crystals deposit near the fovea, but it is usually asymptomatic and does not threaten vision.
Multifocal chorioretinitis associated with West Nile virus (WNV) infection. It is an important ocular complication of mosquito-borne viral infections, often asymptomatic with a good prognosis.
A general term for retinal imaging technologies that can capture a wide area of the fundus (50 degrees or more) in a single shot. Ultra-widefield systems capture over 80% of the retinal surface area and are used for detecting peripheral lesions and diabetic retinopathy screening.