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This article explains the measurement principle of the rebound tonometer iCare, the procedure requiring no topical anesthesia, multi-position measurement with IC200, self-measurement and 24-hour intraocular pressure monitoring with iCare HOME, and accuracy comparison with the Goldmann applanation tonometer.

Idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (IMFC) is a bilateral autoimmune disease characterized by multiple inflammatory lesions in the retina and choroid, predominantly affecting young myopic women, with choroidal neovascularization as a serious complication.

An inflammatory disease of the optic nerve caused by autoimmune mechanisms. It predominantly affects women aged 15–45 years, with acute unilateral vision loss and eye movement pain as main symptoms. Visual recovery is expected in over 90% of cases, but anti-AQP4 antibody-positive cases are refractory, and assessment of MS conversion risk is important.

A nonspecific inflammatory disease of unknown cause occurring in the orbit, formerly called "orbital inflammatory pseudotumor." It is defined pathologically by three conditions: nonspecific inflammation, no response to antibiotics, and marked response to steroids. Oral prednisolone is the first-line treatment, tapered over 3 to 6 months. For refractory cases, radiation therapy or methotrexate may be tried.

A systemic disease in which fibroinflammatory lesions rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells occur in the orbit. Painless swelling of the lacrimal gland is the most common symptom (86%), and the mainstay of treatment is steroid tapering therapy or immunosuppressive therapy with rituximab. The 2023 revised diagnostic criteria added a warning about optic neuropathy.

A systemic disease in which fibroinflammatory lesions rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells occur in the orbit. Painless swelling of the lacrimal gland is most common, and immunosuppressive therapy with steroids or rituximab is the mainstay of treatment.

Explanation of imaging techniques for the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in glaucoma. Covers OCT (SD-OCT, SS-OCT), HRT, GDx, fundus photography, RNFL thickness, BMO-MRW, GCC analysis, limitations of normative databases, progression detection, and latest technologies (PS-OCT, AI).

A minimally invasive diagnostic test in which cellulose acetate filter paper is applied to the ocular surface to collect and analyze superficial epithelial cells. It is widely used for diagnosing dry eye, limbal stem cell deficiency, and ocular surface squamous neoplasia.

A fundus angiography test in which indocyanine green (ICG) is injected intravenously and near-infrared fluorescence is used to visualize choroidal vessels. It is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and is essential for evaluating choroidal lesions in age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, and inflammatory diseases.

A large-angle constant esotropia that develops within the first 6 months of life. Early surgical correction is important for achieving binocular vision.

This section explains ocular complications such as uveitis, scleritis, and chorioretinopathy associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It focuses on HLA-B27-related acute anterior uveitis, and TNF-α inhibitors can simultaneously control inflammation in the gut and eyes.

Infliximab is a mouse/human chimeric anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody that plays an important role as a steroid-sparing treatment for refractory non-infectious ocular inflammation, particularly uveitis associated with Behçet's disease and JIA.

Intermittent exotropia is a type of strabismus in which the eye alignment is normal most of the time but one eye drifts outward when tired or looking at distant objects. It is the most common type of strabismus in children. This article explains its classification, diagnosis, and treatment.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is an eye movement disorder caused by a lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), characterized by impaired adduction on the ipsilateral side, nystagmus of the contralateral abducting eye, and preserved convergence. When MLF lesion is combined with PPRF/abducens nucleus lesion, one-and-a-half syndrome occurs, with only abduction of the contralateral eye remaining. Multiple sclerosis and cerebrovascular disease are the two main causes, and treatment of the underlying disease is fundamental.

Interstitial keratitis (IK) is a non-ulcerative inflammation of the corneal stroma that does not directly involve the epithelium or endothelium, and is characterized by stromal neovascularization and scarring. Etiologies are broadly divided into infectious (herpes simplex virus, syphilis, etc.) and immune-mediated (Cogan syndrome, etc.).

This article explains the indications, procedures, drugs, and clinical outcomes of selective ophthalmic artery infusion chemotherapy (IAC) for retinoblastoma, as well as its position in the treatment system in Japan.

Intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) are a surgical procedure for corneal ectasia such as keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration, in which arcuate implants are inserted into the corneal stroma to correct the shape. The arc shortening effect flattens the central cornea and reduces irregular astigmatism. Combined use with corneal cross-linking (CXL) provides synergistic effects of halting progression and improving shape.

Intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) are a treatment for corneal ectasia such as keratoconus, inserted into the corneal stroma to flatten the central cornea. They improve corneal shape through an arc-shortening effect and contribute to biomechanical stabilization.

Explains the causes, classification, symptoms, CT diagnosis, foreign body removal via PPV, and prognostic factors of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB). Includes pathophysiology of siderosis and chalcosis, OTS prognosis prediction, and information on the latest removal devices.

A complication after cataract surgery where the intraocular lens shifts from its normal position. Exfoliation syndrome and zonular weakness are major risk factors, causing decreased vision and increased intraocular pressure.

A complication in which the optic part of an intraocular lens (IOL) becomes cloudy after cataract surgery. There are several mechanisms, including calcium deposition and glistening. If visual function is impaired, IOL removal and exchange is required.

This article explains the diagnosis and treatment of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) / vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL), including diagnosis using the IL-10/IL-6 ratio, treatment outcomes of intravitreal MTX injection, and risk of CNS progression.

This article explains the physiological significance of intraocular pressure (IOP) and various methods of IOP measurement. It details the principles and measurement techniques of the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), as well as the characteristics of non-contact tonometers, rebound tonometers, and dynamic contour tonometers. The effects of central corneal thickness and corneal biomechanics on measurement values, target IOP setting, and continuous IOP monitoring are also discussed.

A syndrome characterized by iris flaccidity, prolapse, and progressive miosis that occurs during cataract surgery in patients with a history of taking α1-adrenergic receptor blockers (such as tamsulosin). Preoperative medication history review and appropriate intraoperative management are important.

Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs is a standard treatment for retinal vascular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity. This article comprehensively covers drug specifics, procedures, disease-specific regimens, and complications.

Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs is a standard treatment for retinal vascular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion. This article comprehensively covers drug specifics, procedures, disease-specific regimens, and complications.

This article explains the challenges and solutions for IOL power calculation during cataract surgery in patients with corneal ectasia, such as keratoconus and post-refractive surgery ectasia. The use of corneal tomography and keratoconus-specific formulas is key.

A condition in which the iris root is torn from the ciliary body attachment and detached from the scleral spur due to blunt trauma. It can cause pupillary deviation, monocular diplopia, and photophobia. It is repaired by iris suturing using the modified Siepser method or McCannel method.

This article explains the indications, technique, treatment outcomes, and complications of argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI). It details the actual laser treatment for acute primary angle closure and plateau iris syndrome.

Iris coloboma is a congenital condition caused by incomplete closure of the embryonic fissure, resulting in a defect in the lower part of the iris. It is characterized by a keyhole-shaped pupil and may be associated with choroidal or optic nerve involvement. This article explains the classification, diagnosis, treatment, and genetic background.

This article explains the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of cystic lesions occurring in the iris, focusing on two types: iris stromal cyst and iris pigment epithelial cyst.

This article explains the diagnosis, genetic mutations, treatment, and prognosis of primary malignant melanoma of the iris, which accounts for about 2% of uveal melanomas. It tends to have a lower malignancy compared to those arising from the choroid and ciliary body.

This article explains the definition, differential diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment strategy for benign pigmented tumors derived from iris melanocytes.

Detailed explanation of indications, techniques (Siepser method, McCannel method, SFT method), and postoperative outcomes of iris suture (pupilloplasty) for congenital iris coloboma, trauma, and iris damage after cataract surgery. Also explains the criteria for choosing between iris repair and artificial iris devices.