B

An examination that visualizes ultrasound reflections as two-dimensional images to evaluate intraocular structures and orbital lesions in eyes with media opacities. This article explains the examination technique, interpretation of findings, and clinical indications.

Bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) is an OCT finding indicating a separation within the retina at the level of the photoreceptor inner segment myoid. It is observed in various diseases such as uveitis, exudative age-related macular degeneration, and central serous chorioretinopathy, and is attracting attention as a biomarker of acute exudation.

An OCT finding characterized by separation at the level of the inner segment myoid of photoreceptors and intraretinal fluid accumulation. It is observed in many uveitis and retinal diseases and was first reported as an independent concept in 2018.

An overview of the causative organisms, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, including age-specific characteristics and management of drug-resistant bacteria.

Explains the pathology, clinical findings by causative organism, diagnosis, and treatment of bacterial keratitis based on the Infectious Keratitis Clinical Practice Guidelines (3rd edition). Covers the Japanese standard treatment of monotherapy for mild cases and combination therapy with two drugs for severe cases, recommendations for culture and smear, Japan-specific recommendations regarding steroid use, and preparation methods for fortified antibiotics in accordance with AAO PPP.

Balint syndrome is a rare visuospatial coordination disorder caused by bilateral parieto-occipital lesions, characterized by the triad of simultanagnosia, optic ataxia, and oculomotor apraxia.

Band keratopathy is a chronic corneal degenerative disease caused by the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite in Bowman's layer and the epithelial basement membrane, secondary to chronic ocular inflammation or hypercalcemia. Treatment includes EDTA chelation therapy and excimer laser therapy.

A rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by dysfunction of primary cilia. It is a multisystem ciliopathy characterized by rod-cone dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, renal abnormalities, cognitive impairment, and hypogonadism.

This article explains barriers to neuro-ophthalmology care, including specialist shortages, pre-referral misdiagnosis, and social determinants of health, as well as solutions such as telemedicine and educational improvements.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a malignant tumor originating from the basal cell layer of the epidermis and is the most common eyelid malignancy. It is locally invasive but extremely rarely metastasizes, and surgical excision offers a good prognosis.

A type of drusen belonging to the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) spectrum. It is more common in relatively young women, presenting with numerous small yellow drusen in the fundus. It can lead to macular complications such as choroidal neovascularization and geographic atrophy.

Diplopia (double vision) is a common complaint in neuro-ophthalmology and is broadly classified into monocular and binocular diplopia. Causes range from local ocular issues to intracranial diseases, and it is important to identify the causative site through systematic history taking, examination, and imaging.

A group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of lipopigments in lysosomes. The juvenile form caused by CLN3 mutation is most common, presenting with progressive vision loss, epilepsy, and cognitive and motor decline, leading to death by the early 20s.

This article explains the concept, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment (colchicine, cyclosporine, infliximab, adalimumab) of Behçet's disease based on the uveitis treatment guidelines and TNF inhibitor usage guidelines.

A rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the OPA1 gene. It presents with childhood-onset optic atrophy along with diverse neurological symptoms such as cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia, and peripheral neuropathy.

Benign episodic mydriasis (BEM) is a rare condition characterized by transient, self-limiting unilateral pupillary dilation, and has been reported to be associated with migraine. Diagnosis is made by excluding serious causes.

Benign lobular inner nuclear layer proliferations (BLIPs) are a new benign intra-retinal tumor arising from the inner nuclear layer of the retina and may be accompanied by congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). It is an extremely rare disease first reported in 2022, and no intervention is considered necessary.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vertigo induced by head position changes. Ophthalmologists can contribute to diagnosis and differential diagnosis through evaluation of nystagmus. This article comprehensively explains pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment including canalith repositioning maneuvers.

A rare non-progressive macular phenotype first reported in 2017. Characterized by multiple yellow-white dots around the fovea, without visual impairment. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, and multimodal imaging is important for differentiation.

A congenital finding, also called epipapillary membrane, consisting of remnants of glial tissue surrounding the hyaloid artery during the embryonic period. Usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, requiring no treatment.

Overview of staging, EOG/OCTA findings, anti-VEGF therapy, and gene therapy prospects for vitelliform macular dystrophy (Best disease) caused by BEST1 gene mutations.

Explanation of staging, multimodal imaging findings, and prospects for gene therapy for hereditary retinal diseases caused by BEST1 gene mutations (Best disease, ARB, AVMD, ADVIRC).

Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) is a rare autoimmune brainstem encephalitis characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and impaired consciousness following a preceding infection. As a subtype of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome, it forms a continuous spectrum with Guillain-Barré syndrome and Fisher syndrome.

An autosomal recessive chorioretinal dystrophy caused by mutations in the CYP4V2 gene. It is characterized by crystalline deposits in the retina and cornea, and progressive chorioretinal atrophy, and is frequently found in East Asians.

This section explains the optical principles of the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (BIO), the appropriate use of condensing lenses (20D/28D), systematic fundus examination procedure under mydriasis, peripheral retinal examination using scleral indentation, and representative findings and management of retinal detachment and tears.

Explanation of the equipment configuration, optical principles, examination procedure, scleral depression method, clinical applications, and comparison with other fundus examination methods for binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO). It is a basic ophthalmic examination that enables wide-field and stereoscopic observation of the retina.

Explains the principles, procedure, and interpretation of the Worth 4-dot test, Bagolini striated lens test, and afterimage test; compares the features of each test; and describes the development and clinical significance of binocular vision.

Ocular biometry performed to determine the power of the intraocular lens (IOL) implanted during cataract surgery. The main parameters are axial length, corneal refractive power, and effective lens position, and accuracy has improved with successive generations of formulas.

Explanation of the approval process, efficacy, safety, and cost of biosimilar preparations of ranibizumab and aflibercept.

A chronic bilateral posterior uveitis characterized by fundus lesions resembling shotgun pellet scars, distributed from the posterior pole to the equator in both eyes. A strong association with HLA-A29 has been reported in Caucasians, and long-term immunomodulatory therapy centered on mycophenolate mofetil and adalimumab is required.

Ocular inflammation caused by bisphosphonates, drugs used for osteoporosis and bone metastases. It mainly presents as acute anterior uveitis, scleritis, and orbital inflammation, often occurring within one week after intravenous zoledronic acid infusion.

The most severe form of cataract, where the lens nucleus becomes extremely hardened and blackened. It causes legal blindness-level vision loss and is known as a difficult case with high surgical risk.

A subtype of indirect traumatic optic neuropathy caused by exposure to blast overpressure. This article explains the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of a condition in which the optic nerve is damaged by shock waves alone, without penetrating injury.

A rare monogenic autoinflammatory disease caused by a gain-of-function mutation in the NOD2 gene. It is characterized by the triad of granulomatous dermatitis, arthritis, and uveitis, and typically presents in childhood.

Bleb-related infection (BRI) is an infectious complication that occurs after glaucoma filtration surgery, classified into blebitis and bleb-related endophthalmitis. The cumulative incidence over 5 years postoperatively is approximately 2.2%, and early diagnosis and aggressive treatment determine visual prognosis.

A chronic inflammatory disease centered on the eyelid margin. It is broadly classified into anterior blepharitis (staphylococcal and seborrheic) and posterior blepharitis (meibomian gland dysfunction, MGD), with repeated remissions and exacerbations. Warm compresses and eyelid hygiene are the mainstays of treatment, with antibiotics or steroids added as needed.

A chronic inflammatory disease of the eyelid margin that commonly occurs in children. It is accompanied by secondary conjunctivitis and keratitis, and can lead to permanent visual impairment due to corneal scarring and amblyopia. Early multidisciplinary treatment is essential for improving prognosis.

This article explains the classification, diagnosis, and treatments such as botulinum toxin therapy and microvascular decompression for blepharospasm (essential blepharospasm and Meige syndrome) and hemifacial spasm.

This article outlines the types, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications of blood-derived products in ophthalmology, including autologous serum eye drops, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF).

Blue cataract is a developmental cataract with autosomal dominant inheritance that produces a bluish-white opacity in the lens nucleus and cortex. It usually does not affect vision until adulthood, and cataract surgery is indicated when it progresses and causes visual impairment.

A rare systemic vascular disorder characterized by multiple venous malformations, mainly in the skin and gastrointestinal tract. It often causes iron-deficiency anemia due to chronic gastrointestinal bleeding and may involve multiple organs, including the orbit and the central nervous system.

Blue-on-yellow perimetry (SWAP) is a non-standard perimetry that selectively evaluates the blue cone system using a blue stimulus on a yellow background to detect visual field abnormalities in early glaucoma.

A rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NR2F1 gene. It is characterized by optic atrophy, intellectual disability, developmental delay, and may involve cortical visual impairment.

The Boston Keratoprosthesis (Boston KPro) is the most widely used artificial cornea in the world. Type 1 is used for severe corneal diseases that are difficult to treat with conventional corneal transplantation, and Type 2 is used as a last resort for visual recovery in end-stage ocular surface diseases with loss of tear film and ocular surface keratinization.

Scleral contact lenses are rigid gas-permeable lenses that cover the entire cornea in a dome-like shape and rest on the sclera. They simultaneously correct irregular astigmatism and protect the ocular surface through a fluid reservoir. BostonSight PROSE is an FDA-approved treatment model using highly customizable prosthetic devices.

The first-line treatment for blepharospasm is botulinum toxin type A injections (Botox injections). The effectiveness rate is 90%, the effect starts after 2 to 3 days, and it lasts for 3 to 4 months. The orbicularis oculi muscle and corrugator muscle are targeted, with 2.5 units injected at each site in a spread-out pattern. Indications include essential blepharospasm, Meige syndrome, and hemifacial spasm.

Treatment of strabismus by injection of botulinum toxin type A into extraocular muscles. Approved in 2015 (Botox®), with insurance coverage for strabismus in patients aged 12 years and older. This article details the physician qualifications and administration protocols based on guidelines from the Japanese Association of Strabismus and Amblyopia and the Japanese Neuro-ophthalmology Society.

Treatment of strabismus by injection of botulinum toxin type A into the extraocular muscles. It can be an alternative to surgery for small to moderate angle esotropia.

A disease in which a branch of the central retinal artery becomes occluded, causing ischemic damage to the retina in the affected area. It presents with painless acute visual field loss and is an emergency condition in which irreversible changes begin approximately 100 minutes after arterial occlusion. Rapid systemic evaluation is essential due to its association with systemic embolic diseases and stroke.

A retinal vascular disease in which venous occlusion at the arteriovenous crossing causes retinal hemorrhage and macular edema. The prevalence in individuals aged 40 years or older is approximately 2.0%, and intravitreal anti-VEGF injection is the first-line treatment.

Brittle cornea syndrome (BCS) is a rare autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder caused by biallelic mutations in ZNF469 or PRDM5 genes, characterized by progressive corneal thinning and fragility, leading to a significantly high risk of corneal perforation and rupture.

This article explains the definition, classification (paralytic, age-related, symptomatic), diagnosis, and treatment of brow ptosis, including subbrow skin excision and frontalis suspension.

A vertical strabismus characterized by limitation of elevation in adduction due to an abnormality of the superior oblique tendon-trochlea complex. It is classified into congenital and acquired types. Spontaneous resolution is common, but surgery is indicated when hypotropia or abnormal head posture is severe.

A rare disease characterized by peripheral corneal edema in aphakic eyes after cataract surgery (especially after intracapsular cataract extraction). The central cornea is often preserved for a long time, and visual function is often only mildly affected.

A specialist explains the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of bullous keratopathy. Detailed introduction includes irreversible corneal edema due to corneal endothelial cell damage, comparison of DMEK and DSAEK, ROCK inhibitors, and cultured corneal endothelial cell injection therapy.