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An examination that visualizes ultrasound reflections as two-dimensional images to evaluate intraocular structures and orbital lesions in eyes with media opacities. This article explains the examination technique, interpretation of findings, and clinical indications.

An overview of the causative organisms, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, including age-specific characteristics and management of drug-resistant bacteria.

Explains the pathology, clinical findings by causative organism, diagnosis, and treatment of bacterial keratitis based on the Infectious Keratitis Clinical Practice Guidelines (3rd edition). Covers the Japanese standard treatment of monotherapy for mild cases and combination therapy with two drugs for severe cases, recommendations for culture and smear, Japan-specific recommendations regarding steroid use, and preparation methods for fortified antibiotics in accordance with AAO PPP.

A rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by dysfunction of primary cilia. It is a multisystem ciliopathy characterized by rod-cone dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, renal abnormalities, cognitive impairment, and hypogonadism.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a malignant tumor originating from the basal cell layer of the epidermis and is the most common eyelid malignancy. It is locally invasive but extremely rarely metastasizes, and surgical excision offers a good prognosis.

This article explains the concept, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment (colchicine, cyclosporine, infliximab, adalimumab) of Behçet's disease based on the uveitis treatment guidelines and TNF inhibitor usage guidelines.

Overview of staging, EOG/OCTA findings, anti-VEGF therapy, and gene therapy prospects for vitelliform macular dystrophy (Best disease) caused by BEST1 gene mutations.

An autosomal recessive chorioretinal dystrophy caused by mutations in the CYP4V2 gene. It is characterized by crystalline deposits in the retina and cornea, and progressive chorioretinal atrophy, and is frequently found in East Asians.

This section explains the optical principles of the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (BIO), the appropriate use of condensing lenses (20D/28D), systematic fundus examination procedure under mydriasis, peripheral retinal examination using scleral indentation, and representative findings and management of retinal detachment and tears.

Ocular biometry performed to determine the power of the intraocular lens (IOL) implanted during cataract surgery. The main parameters are axial length, corneal refractive power, and effective lens position, and accuracy has improved with successive generations of formulas.

Explanation of the approval process, efficacy, safety, and cost of biosimilar preparations of ranibizumab and aflibercept.

A chronic bilateral posterior uveitis characterized by fundus lesions resembling shotgun pellet scars, distributed from the posterior pole to the equator in both eyes. A strong association with HLA-A29 has been reported in Caucasians, and long-term immunomodulatory therapy centered on mycophenolate mofetil and adalimumab is required.

A rare monogenic autoinflammatory disease caused by a gain-of-function mutation in the NOD2 gene. It is characterized by the triad of granulomatous dermatitis, arthritis, and uveitis, and typically presents in childhood.

A chronic inflammatory disease centered on the eyelid margin. It is broadly classified into anterior blepharitis (staphylococcal and seborrheic) and posterior blepharitis (Meibomian gland dysfunction, MGD), with alternating remission and exacerbation. Based on the Japanese MGD Clinical Practice Guidelines 2023, warm compresses and eyelid hygiene are the mainstays of treatment, with antibiotics or steroids added as needed.

Blue-on-yellow perimetry (SWAP) is a non-standard perimetry that selectively evaluates the blue cone system using a blue stimulus on a yellow background to detect visual field abnormalities in early glaucoma.

The Boston Keratoprosthesis (Boston KPro) is the most widely used artificial cornea in the world. Type 1 is used for severe corneal diseases that are difficult to treat with conventional corneal transplantation, and Type 2 is used as a last resort for visual recovery in end-stage ocular surface diseases with loss of tear film and ocular surface keratinization.

Treatment of strabismus by injection of botulinum toxin type A into extraocular muscles. Approved in 2015 (Botox®), with insurance coverage for strabismus in patients aged 12 years and older. This article details the physician qualifications and administration protocols based on guidelines from the Japanese Association of Strabismus and Amblyopia and the Japanese Neuro-ophthalmology Society.

A disease in which a branch of the central retinal artery becomes occluded, causing ischemic damage to the retina in the affected area. It presents with painless acute visual field loss and is an emergency condition in which irreversible changes begin approximately 100 minutes after arterial occlusion. Rapid systemic evaluation is essential due to its association with systemic embolic diseases and stroke.

A retinal vascular disease in which venous occlusion at the arteriovenous crossing causes retinal hemorrhage and macular edema. The prevalence in individuals aged 40 years or older is approximately 2.0%, and intravitreal anti-VEGF injection is the first-line treatment.

A vertical strabismus characterized by limitation of elevation in adduction due to an abnormality of the superior oblique tendon-trochlea complex. It is classified into congenital and acquired types. Spontaneous resolution is common, but surgery is indicated when hypotropia or abnormal head posture is severe.