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A disease in which new blood vessels form beneath the retinal pigment epithelium against a background of choroidal thickening. It accounts for about half of exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japan, and anti-VEGF therapy and PDT are the mainstays of treatment.

A group of diseases characterized by abnormally dilated choroidal vessels (pachyvessels). This concept encompasses central serous chorioretinopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and retinal pigment epithelial detachment.

Pachydrusen are sub-RPE deposits belonging to the pachychoroid spectrum, with a pathogenesis distinct from soft drusen. This article explains their association with the progression of PCV and typical AMD, as well as differential diagnosis.

This article explains the causes, symptoms, and stepwise treatment (eye drops, cyclophotocoagulation, retrobulbar injection, enucleation) for chronic pain in an eye with no hope of visual recovery (painful blind eye).

A rare syndrome in which trigeminal neuralgia and ipsilateral hemifacial spasm coexist. Vascular compression is the most common cause, and microvascular decompression is the standard treatment.

A pathological visual phenomenon in which an image persists or recurs after the visual stimulus has been removed. It can be caused by various factors such as occipital lobe lesions, migraine, or medications, and is classified into two types: hallucinatory and illusory.

Keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis caused by ocular exposure to palytoxin (PTX). The toxin is derived from soft corals such as Palythoa, and commonly occurs in aquarium hobbyists.

A severe purulent infection that spreads to all structures of the eye and surrounding orbital tissues. It is the most advanced form of endophthalmitis, leading to blindness or loss of the eye without prompt treatment.

Severe uveitis involving inflammation of the entire uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid). It can be caused by various conditions such as sarcoidosis, Behçet's disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, syphilis, and infections. Without appropriate treatment, it can lead to severe visual impairment.

Bilateral optic disc swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure. It is a warning sign of brain tumors, cerebral venous thrombosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), and other conditions. If untreated, it can lead to optic atrophy and irreversible vision loss.

A comprehensive explanation of bilateral optic disc swelling (papilledema) secondary to increased intracranial pressure and its most common cause, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), including definition, epidemiology, diagnosis, Frisén classification, treatment, fulminant type, and management during pregnancy.

Papillophlebitis is a subtype of central retinal vein occlusion that occurs in young healthy individuals aged 20–35 years. Visual acuity is often relatively preserved, and the prognosis is generally favorable, but there is a risk of progression to ischemic venous occlusion in about 30% of cases.

Papillorenal syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by PAX2 gene mutations, characterized by optic nerve head dysplasia and renal hypoplasia. Also known as renal coloboma syndrome or PAX2-related disease, it requires multidisciplinary management by ophthalmology and nephrology.

An acute macular disease caused by ischemia of the intermediate retinal capillary plexus. It is characterized by paracentral scotoma and a hyperreflective band in the inner nuclear layer, and is associated with various systemic diseases such as retinal arteriovenous occlusion, hypertension, and sickle cell disease.

A life-threatening condition in which air that has entered a vein shifts to the arterial circulation through a right-to-left shunt such as a patent foramen ovale, causing ischemia of the brain, coronary arteries, and peripheral organs. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden disturbance of consciousness or visual impairment during or immediately after an invasive procedure.

A syndrome characterized by unilateral granulomatous follicular conjunctivitis and ipsilateral regional lymphadenopathy. The most common cause is cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae), and the prognosis is often good.

A syndrome caused by lesions in the dorsal midbrain. The six main signs are light-near dissociation (pupillary light-near dissociation), upward gaze palsy, convergence palsy, convergence-retraction nystagmus, Collier sign, and skew deviation. Main causes include pineal tumors and hydrocephalus, and treatment focuses on the underlying disease.

Parkinson sign is a clinical sign combining ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy and postganglionic Horner syndrome, with high localizing diagnostic value suggesting a lesion in the posterior cavernous sinus.

A group of inherited macular degenerations characterized by lipofuscin accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mainly caused by PRPH2 gene mutations, leading to mild visual impairment in middle age and later.

Pattern strabismus (A-V pattern strabismus) is a condition in which the horizontal deviation differs between upward and downward gaze. This article explains the classification into V, A, Y, X, and λ patterns, etiology, diagnosis, and surgical treatment.

Explains the structure, features, surgical technique, and clinical outcomes of the Paul Glaucoma Implant. Covers comparisons with Ahmed and Baerveldt, outcomes in adult and pediatric glaucoma, and complications.

A disease in children characterized by chronic inflammation of the eyelid margin accompanied by corneal and conjunctival lesions. It is based on meibomian gland dysfunction and bacterial blepharitis, and can lead to permanent visual impairment due to corneal scarring and amblyopia.

Contact lens prescription for children covers a wide range of purposes including amblyopia treatment, refractive correction, and myopia progression control. This article explains key points for determining indications, lens selection, and safety management.

Administering eye drops to children presents challenges different from adults, such as lack of cooperation and risk of systemic side effects. This article explains age-specific instillation techniques, guidance on cycloplegic agents like atropine, nasolacrimal occlusion, and key points for instructing caregivers.

Acute purulent inflammation (hordeolum) and chronic granulomatous inflammation (chalazion) of the eyelid, commonly occurring in children. Hordeolum is primarily treated with antibiotic eye drops, and most cases spontaneously drain; however, in infants and young children, rapid progression to eyelid abscess or orbital cellulitis requires caution. Chalazion is managed conservatively with warm compresses and local steroid injection; if ineffective, surgical removal under general anesthesia is considered.

Pediatric low vision is irreversible visual impairment in individuals under 21 years of age that cannot be improved by refractive correction, medical treatment, or surgical intervention. This article explains causes, age-specific assessment methods, and multidisciplinary management.

A demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in children characterized by MOG antibody positivity. Main phenotypes include ADEM and optic neuritis, with clinical features varying by age.

Full-thickness corneal transplantation performed in patients under 18 years of age. Main indications include congenital corneal opacities and acquired corneal diseases. However, graft failure rates are higher compared to adults, and multidisciplinary collaboration including amblyopia management is essential.

Pediatric vision screening aimed at early detection of amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive errors. This article explains the selection of examination methods according to age and the screening system centered on Japan's 3-year-old health checkup.

Explains visual acuity testing methods for infants to preschool children by age. Introduces the characteristics and procedures of each test, such as preferential looking, Teller acuity cards, LEA symbols, and Landolt C rings.

A collective term for surgical treatments of vitreoretinal diseases occurring in childhood, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), and Coats disease. It requires a specialized approach considering anatomical and physiological characteristics different from adults.

Complex, realistic visual hallucinations secondary to lesions of the midbrain and thalamus. Often acute onset after posterior circulation cerebrovascular events, confirmed by exclusion diagnosis.

A complement C3/C3b inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2023 for geographic atrophy (GA). It is a first-in-class treatment that slows the expansion of GA lesions with monthly or every-other-month intravitreal injections.

An X-linked recessive hypomyelinating leukodystrophy caused by mutations in the PLP1 gene. It is a rare genetic neurological disorder primarily affecting males, characterized by the triad of nystagmus, motor developmental delay, and spasticity.

A non-inflammatory, non-hereditary corneal ectasia characterized by band-like thinning and anterior protrusion of the inferior peripheral cornea. It is considered a variant of keratoconus and causes decreased visual acuity due to high irregular astigmatism.

Open globe injury caused by sharp objects or high-velocity projectiles that damage the cornea and sclera through full thickness. Prompt diagnosis and surgical repair within 24 hours are critical for visual prognosis.

A transplant surgery that replaces the full thickness of the cornea with donor cornea. Main indications include bullous keratopathy, keratoconus, corneal leukoma, and corneal dystrophy. The three major complications are rejection, glaucoma, and infection. In recent years, indications have been changing due to the spread of lamellar keratoplasty.

An open globe injury in which a sharp object penetrates the eyewall, creating only an entry wound. Unlike perforating injuries (entry + exit), there is no exit wound, and attention must be paid to possible intraocular foreign bodies. Primary repair within 24 hours is the goal.

A progressive pigmentary maculopathy caused by long-term use of pentosan polysulfate (PPS), a treatment for interstitial cystitis. The risk increases with higher cumulative doses, and progression may continue after discontinuation.

Perfluorohexyloctane (Miebo®) is the first FDA-approved tear evaporation-targeted eye drop for treating signs and symptoms of evaporative dry eye. It is a 100% active ingredient, water-free, preservative-free formulation that forms a monolayer on the tear film surface to inhibit evaporation.

An open globe injury in which a sharp object penetrates the eye from front to back, creating an entry wound and an exit wound. It is more severe than penetrating injury (entry only), and primary repair within 24 hours is important to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis.

A rare retinal disease characterized by isolated aneurysmal vascular abnormalities around the fovea, leading to vision loss due to exudative changes. It is often resistant to anti-VEGF therapy, making treatment selection challenging.

This article explains the symptoms, clinical findings, and management of acute and chronic complications of the eyelids, lacrimal drainage system, orbit, and cornea-conjunctiva associated with radiation to the periorbital area.

A hyperreflective ovoid structure observed around the optic disc on EDI-OCT, a nonspecific OCT finding associated with various optic nerve diseases as a marker of axoplasmic flow stasis.

A cavitary lesion within the choroid that occurs at the lower edge of the peripapillary conus in highly myopic eyes. It is reliably detected by SD-OCT and may be associated with visual field defects, but there is no established active treatment, and observation is the basic approach.

A disease in which the choroid around the optic disc is abnormally thickened, leading to exudative changes around the optic disc. It is a subtype of the pachychoroid disease spectrum and commonly occurs in elderly men with hyperopic eyes.

A rare chorioretinal disease causing hemorrhagic and exudative lesions in the temporal peripheral retina of elderly individuals. It is positioned within the pachychoroid spectrum, and differentiation from choroidal melanoma is the most important clinical challenge.

A general term for various degenerative changes in the retina occurring from the ora serrata to the equator. Most are benign and asymptomatic, but some, such as lattice degeneration, can cause retinal detachment.

A group of diseases presenting with crescent-shaped destructive inflammation in the peripheral cornea. It is strongly associated with systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and can lead to corneal perforation if left untreated. Early systemic immunosuppressive therapy and multidisciplinary collaboration are important.

A congenital eye disease in which the fetal hyaloid vascular system fails to regress and persists. The triad includes leukocoria, microphthalmia, and cataract, with 70–90% of cases being unilateral. Early surgery and amblyopia treatment are key to visual prognosis.

Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) is a congenital eye disease caused by incomplete regression of the fetal hyaloid vascular system. It is usually unilateral and non-hereditary, often presenting as leukocoria with microphthalmia. It is classified into anterior, posterior, and mixed types. In cases limited to the anterior type, visual improvement can be expected with lensectomy and amblyopia treatment, but the posterior type has a poor prognosis.

Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a chronic functional vestibular disorder for which the Bárány Society established diagnostic criteria in 2017. It involves non-rotatory dizziness, unsteadiness, and postural instability lasting for more than three months, exacerbated by standing or complex visual environments. Treatment involves a multimodal approach including vestibular rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a congenital anomaly resulting from the persistence of the anterior tunica vasculosa lentis. This article details its epidemiology, classification, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment (mydriatics, laser, surgery).

An anterior segment dysgenesis characterized by congenital corneal opacity due to central Descemet membrane defect and posterior corneal defect, often associated with iridocorneal adhesions and lens abnormalities. Glaucoma occurs in 50-70% of cases, and visual prognosis is poor.

PHACES syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by a large facial infantile hemangioma associated with posterior fossa malformations, arterial anomalies, cardiac anomalies, eye anomalies, and sternal defects.

Granulomatous anterior uveitis caused by type III allergy to lens proteins. It develops after trauma, surgery, or hypermature cataract with lens capsule rupture, and early removal of lens material is the definitive treatment.

Fluid dynamics and physical principles of ultrasonic energy in phacoemulsification (PEA). Explains the parameters and mechanisms that surgeons should control for safe and efficient cataract surgery.

Endophthalmitis caused by spontaneous capsular rupture of hypermature cataract or leakage of lens proteins after cataract surgery or trauma. Macrophages phagocytose lens proteins and obstruct the trabecular meshwork, often leading to elevated intraocular pressure. Surgical removal of lens material is the definitive treatment.

A surgery that corrects refractive errors by inserting an intraocular lens while preserving the natural crystalline lens. It is an alternative to LASIK for moderate to high myopia, and because the cornea is not removed, it offers excellent reversibility. It is broadly classified into anterior chamber and posterior chamber types.

Phakic intraocular lens (ICL) is a refractive surgery that corrects myopia and astigmatism by inserting a collamer lens into the posterior chamber while preserving the natural crystalline lens. It is mainly indicated for myopia of 6D or more, does not involve corneal ablation, and offers excellent reversibility. The central hole design of the EVO ICL eliminates the need for iridotomy, further improving safety.

This article explains the classification, indications, preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques, and complication management of phakic intraocular lenses (phakic IOLs). Focusing on ICL (EVO ICL), it details criteria based on the Japanese Ophthalmological Society guidelines, including age range 21-45 years and correction amount of 6 diopters or more.

Phakic posterior chamber lens (ICL) is a refractive surgery that corrects myopia and astigmatism by inserting a Collamer lens into the eye. It does not involve corneal ablation, is reversible, and can treat a wide range from moderate to high myopia.

Phakomatous choristoma is an extremely rare benign congenital tumor composed of ectopic lens tissue. It commonly occurs on the nasal side of the lower eyelid and can be cured by surgical excision, with no reports of recurrence.

Pharmacologic mydriasis is pupillary dilation caused by drugs such as anticholinergics or adrenergic agonists. It is important to differentiate it from life-threatening oculomotor nerve palsy, and a stepwise diagnosis using the pilocarpine test is required.

Pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF, pool fever) is an adenovirus infection characterized by the three main symptoms of fever, pharyngitis, and conjunctivitis. It commonly occurs in children and spreads during the summer. Under the School Health and Safety Act, it is classified as a Type 2 infectious disease requiring school exclusion for 2 days after the resolution of major symptoms. Diagnosis, treatment, and infection control are explained based on the Viral Conjunctivitis Clinical Practice Guidelines 2025 edition.

A disease characterized by nodular inflammation of the cornea or conjunctiva due to a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction to exogenous antigens. Currently, Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus are the main causes. In Japan, it is understood as a subtype of meibomian gland-associated keratoconjunctival epitheliopathy (MRKC). In tuberculosis-endemic regions, Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains an important cause.

A non-invasive light therapy using red to near-infrared light (590–850 nm). It received FDA approval in 2024, and clinical trials are evaluating its efficacy for conditions such as atrophic AMD, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa.

A treatment for retinal and choroidal diseases combining the photosensitizer verteporfin with a 689 nm laser. Used for age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and others.

An acute disease in which the corneal epithelium is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Typical examples are electric ophthalmia (welding) and snow blindness (skiing). After a latent period of several hours, severe eye pain occurs, but it usually heals spontaneously within 24 to 72 hours.

A rare chronic ocular pain syndrome in which eye pain or discomfort is caused by light sources that are not normally painful. First defined in 1995 as distinct from photophobia, its pathophysiology involves the trigeminal-sympathetic pathway.

Photoscreening is a vision screening method that uses a camera to capture and analyze the red reflex in children, detecting refractive errors and strabismus that are risk factors for amblyopia.

The photostress recovery test (PSRT) measures the time required for macular function to return to baseline after exposure to bright light. It is used to differentiate whether the cause of vision loss is macular disease or optic nerve disease.

A treatment that uses an excimer laser (193 nm) to remove corneal surface opacities and irregularities. Indications include corneal dystrophy, band keratopathy, and recurrent corneal erosion. FDA approved in 1995.

This article explains the definition, pathophysiology, triad, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of pigmentary glaucoma (PG) and pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS). It covers the mechanism of pigment dispersion due to reverse pupillary block, Krukenberg spindle, trabecular meshwork pigmentation, precautions for laser treatment, and the latest cases of iatrogenic pigmentary glaucoma.

A rare hereditary retinal disease characterized by pigmentation and retinochoroidal atrophy along the retinal veins. It is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, with a non-progressive or slowly progressive course.

A yellowish-white raised lesion on the bulbar conjunctiva in the interpalpebral fissure. Ultraviolet exposure and aging are the main causes, and it is found in most people over 50 years of age. Usually asymptomatic, but when inflamed it becomes pingueculitis, which is treated with low-concentration steroid eye drops.

An intraocular lens that extends the depth of focus using the small aperture (pinhole) principle. It is used during cataract surgery to correct presbyopia and reduce irregular astigmatism.

A tumor arising from the glandular cells of the anterior pituitary. It can cause bitemporal hemianopsia due to compression of the optic chiasm and may be accompanied by systemic symptoms due to hormone hypersecretion.

Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of plateau iris syndrome (PIS) are explained based on the Japan Glaucoma Treatment Guidelines 5th edition and the International PPP 2026. It covers UBM findings of anterior rotation of the ciliary body, double hump sign, and stepwise treatment including ALPI after LPI, pilocarpine, and lens extraction.

A disease characterized by polyp-like vascular dilations arising from an abnormal branching vascular network in the choroid. It is common in exudative age-related macular degeneration among Asians and Japanese, and definitive diagnosis by ICGA along with anti-VEGF therapy and PDT are important.

A refillable ranibizumab sustained-release device permanently implanted in the sclera. It significantly reduces the injection burden of anti-VEGF therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration, maintaining continuous drug concentration with refills every 24 weeks.

Positive and negative pressure goggles are investigational devices that noninvasively adjust intraocular pressure by applying pressure around the orbit. Their application is being studied for eye diseases involving abnormal pressure gradients across the lamina cribrosa, such as glaucoma, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), and spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS).

This article explains the definition, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, CMV association, and pathophysiology of Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS). It covers acute management with steroids and intraocular pressure-lowering drugs based on the Uveitis Clinical Practice Guidelines, the 5th Edition of the Glaucoma Clinical Practice Guidelines, and TITAN Report 2, as well as ganciclovir and valganciclovir treatment for CMV-positive cases, and surgical indications.

A condition characterized by acute, unilateral, recurrent elevation of intraocular pressure with mild anterior chamber inflammation. First reported by Posner and Schlossman in 1948. Strongly associated with CMV infection, and recurrent attacks increase the risk of secondary glaucoma.

This article organizes the causes of distorted vision (metamorphopsia) and visual field defects using a differential diagnosis table, and explains self-check methods using the Amsler grid, urgency of consultation, and treatment overview.

This article explains the types, usage, and evidence of topical eye drops (antibiotics, steroids, NSAIDs, dry eye treatments) used after cataract surgery, as well as the dropless strategy that omits eye drops by intraoperative administration.

A condition in which anterior chamber inflammation recurs after cataract surgery upon tapering or discontinuing steroid eye drops. Proper postoperative anti-inflammatory management and medication adherence are key to prevention and treatment.

Endophthalmitis occurring as a complication of intravitreal injection. Although incidence is low, rapid diagnosis and treatment are critical for visual prognosis.

This article explains the definition, mechanism (corneal nerve transection), risk comparison by surgical technique, diagnosis, and treatment (TFOD/TFOT, punctal plugs, IPL) of dry eye that occurs after refractive surgeries such as LASIK, PRK, and SMILE. It also covers preoperative screening. The latest information is based on the Dry Eye Clinical Practice Guidelines (Journal of Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2019) and TFOS DEWS III (2025).

A rare uveitis that develops via immune-mediated mechanisms after group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. It primarily affects children and presents with bilateral non-granulomatous anterior uveitis.

This article explains the classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, medical treatment (including specific prescription examples), and surgical treatment of secondary intraocular pressure elevation occurring after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckling, panretinal photocoagulation, silicone oil, and intraocular gas injection, including ghost cell glaucoma and Schwartz syndrome.

A rare autosomal dominant corneal dystrophy affecting the posterior stroma and Descemet's membrane. It is characterized by bilateral sheet-like posterior stromal opacities, corneal flattening and thinning, and is usually non-progressive. Deletion of the SLRP gene cluster on chromosome 12q21.33 is involved.

The most common postoperative complication after cataract surgery, caused by proliferation and migration of residual lens epithelial cells leading to opacification of the posterior capsule. It can be effectively treated with Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

A disease causing acute vision loss due to ischemia of the optic nerve posterior to the lamina cribrosa. There are three types: arteritic, non-arteritic, and perioperative; the perioperative type often leads to severe and irreversible visual impairment.

A rare congenital corneal disease characterized by increased curvature of the posterior corneal surface. Usually unilateral and sporadic, accompanied by corneal stromal opacity. It has been suggested to be associated with anterior segment dysgenesis (mildest form of Peters anomaly). There are two subtypes: generalized and localized.

A subtype of congenital cataract characterized by discoid opacity at the posterior pole of the lens. It shows autosomal dominant inheritance and cataract surgery is challenging due to posterior capsule fragility.

An autosomal dominant corneal dystrophy affecting the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane. It presents with vesicular changes, band-like lesions, and diffuse opacities. Four genetic loci (OVOL2, COL8A2, ZEB1, GRHL2) have been identified, and abnormal epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is central to the pathogenesis.

A brain edema syndrome triggered by hypertension, immunosuppressants, eclampsia, etc. It presents with headache, seizures, and visual disturbances. It is often reversible, but about 10–20% of cases leave permanent neurological sequelae.

A physiological, age-related change in which the posterior vitreous cortex separates from the internal limiting membrane of the retina. It is the most common cause of floaters and photopsia, and differentiation from retinal tear and retinal detachment is important.

Comprehensive explanation of postoperative choroidal detachment (choroidal effusion) including pathophysiology, classification (serous vs hemorrhagic), risk factors, B-mode ultrasound differentiation, conservative treatment (atropine, steroids), surgical drainage (kissing choroid, cases with shallow anterior chamber), association with hypotony maculopathy, and uveal effusion syndrome.

A condition in which a previously controlled latent or intermittent strabismus becomes manifest after ophthalmic surgery, causing diplopia. It can be caused by many ophthalmic surgeries such as cataract surgery, LASIK, and glaucoma surgery.

A review of postoperative endophthalmitis occurring after cataract surgery. It covers both acute-onset (within 1 week post-surgery) and delayed-onset (after 1 month, typically caused by Cutibacterium acnes) forms. Topics include epidemiology, causative organisms, clinical features, diagnosis, stepwise treatment, EVS recommendations, and prevention strategies.

An infectious inflammation caused by pathogenic microorganisms entering the eye after cataract surgery. It is classified into acute and delayed-onset types, and prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for visual prognosis.

A rare complication in which necrotizing scleritis occurs adjacent to the surgical wound after ophthalmic surgery. Type IV hypersensitivity is considered central to the pathology, and it is often associated with autoimmune diseases. Early systemic steroid administration is associated with good visual prognosis.

Pourfour du Petit syndrome (inverse Horner syndrome) is a rare syndrome caused by overactivity of the ocular sympathetic pathway, characterized by the triad of ipsilateral mydriasis, lid retraction, and hyperhidrosis, presenting a clinical picture opposite to Horner syndrome.

A genetic disorder caused by lack of expression of paternally inherited genes in the 15q11.2-q13 region of chromosome 15. It involves various ophthalmic abnormalities such as strabismus (40%), refractive errors, and hypopigmentation, requiring multidisciplinary management.

Explains eye changes and diseases associated with pregnancy. Includes visual impairment due to preeclampsia, risk of worsening diabetic retinopathy, and safety of eye drops during pregnancy.

This article explains the purpose, types, and clinical significance of corneal topography performed before cataract surgery and refractive surgery. It covers improvement of IOL power calculation accuracy, the impact of dry eye, and practical aspects of preoperative evaluation.

Long-term wear of rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses can alter corneal shape (corneal warpage), affecting the accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation. It is necessary to discontinue lens wear for a sufficient period before cataract surgery to stabilize the corneal shape.

Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens hardens with age, reducing accommodative power and making near vision difficult. This article explains correction methods using progressive addition lenses, bifocal contact lenses, and multifocal IOLs.

Acute infectious inflammation of the eyelids and periorbital soft tissues anterior to the orbital septum. Unlike orbital cellulitis, it does not involve proptosis or ophthalmoplegia. Main causes include sinusitis, trauma, and insect bites, and it commonly occurs in children. Mild cases can be managed with oral antibiotics on an outpatient basis, but progression to orbital cellulitis must be monitored.

Explains the structure, material, surgical technique, and clinical outcomes of the PreserFlo MicroShunt (Ab-Externo MicroShunt). Covers the characteristics of the SIBS material, comparison with XEN and trabeculectomy, and complication management.

Explains the toxicity of eye drop preservatives (benzalkonium chloride/BAK) to the cornea and conjunctiva. Discusses the mechanism of ocular surface damage in patients using multiple eye drops long term, ways to manage it, and choosing preservative-free formulations.

This article explains the types and characteristics of preservatives essential for maintaining sterility in multi-dose eye drops, and the mechanisms, clinical features, and management of ocular surface toxicity, primarily focusing on benzalkonium chloride (BAK). It also outlines the advantages and limitations of alternative preservatives and preservative-free formulations.

A chorioretinal disease secondary to Histoplasma capsulatum infection. It causes the classic triad (histo spots, peripapillary atrophy, and absence of vitritis) and vision loss due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

This article explains the epidemiology, classification, and risk factors of ocular trauma, as well as prevention strategies in occupational, sports, home, and traffic accident settings. 90% of ocular trauma is preventable with appropriate measures.

Primary acquired melanosis (PAM) is an acquired flat pigmented conjunctival lesion caused by abnormal proliferation of melanocytes. PAM with atypia is a major precursor of conjunctival malignant melanoma, and biopsy for atypia assessment and regular follow-up are essential.

A rare inflammatory vasculitis confined to the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, without systemic involvement. Main symptoms include headache, cognitive dysfunction, and stroke-like episodes. Requires immunosuppressive therapy.

Explains the staging, diagnosis, and treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), primary angle closure (PAC), and primary angle closure suspect (PACS). Covers the 5th edition of the Glaucoma Clinical Practice Guidelines, the EAGLE study, laser iridotomy, lens extraction, and management of plateau iris.

A rare congenital glaucoma in which intraocular pressure rises due to impaired aqueous humor outflow caused by developmental abnormalities of the anterior chamber angle. Surgery is the first-line treatment, and early diagnosis and treatment determine visual prognosis.

Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) is a primary intraocular lymphoma that forms lesions in the vitreous and retina, and is almost always diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It is suspected in cases of uveitis resistant to steroid therapy, and diagnosis is made by measuring the IL-10/IL-6 ratio and vitreous biopsy. Intravitreal methotrexate injection and local ocular radiation are standard treatments.

This article explains the definition, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). It covers evidence based on the 5th edition of the Japanese Glaucoma Guideline, the Tajimi Study, AAO PPP, and the 6th edition of EGS, including 6-year results of the LiGHT Trial, surgical strategies for MIGS and refractory POAG, and the latest research on optic disc hemorrhage.

Overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, and laser treatment prospects for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Africa. Covers evidence for SLT as first-line therapy (LiGHT trial), treatment outcomes in African populations, and new MIGS such as HFDS.

A rare malignant lymphoma that occurs inside the eye. It is a subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma, often presenting with findings similar to uveitis, leading to delayed diagnosis. Intravitreal methotrexate injection is the first-line treatment.

Explains the differentiation, pathophysiology, and treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and secondary angle-closure glaucoma. Covers mechanisms of pupillary block and plateau iris, topiramate-induced ACG, cases with retinitis pigmentosa, and acetazolamide idiosyncratic reactions.

This article explains the types, indications, prescription methods, prism adaptation test, and weaning therapy of prism glasses used as optical treatment for strabismus and diplopia. It covers the characteristics and limitations of Fresnel membrane prisms, as well as usage scenarios for both children and adults.

Explains the risk of corneal injury and infections from colored contact lenses (color contacts) and how to use them safely. Although they have been regulated as medical devices since 2009, eye problems caused by unapproved products and poor care remain an issue. Also explains the safety of pigments, oxygen permeability, how to buy them properly, and the importance of seeing an eye doctor.

A necrotizing herpetic retinopathy caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that occurs in severely immunocompromised individuals (e.g., AIDS, post-organ transplant, malignant lymphoma). It is characterized by rapidly spreading white lesions from the outer retina and minimal anterior inflammation. It requires combination therapy with ganciclovir and foscarnet and has an extremely poor prognosis.

A type of tauopathy that develops in middle age or later. It is characterized by vertical gaze palsy, postural instability, and axial rigidity, and is a neurodegenerative disease that requires differentiation from Parkinson's disease.

A rare corneal disease in which a wave-like plaque extends from the superior limbus toward the center due to dysfunction of corneal limbal stem cells. Good prognosis is achieved with silver nitrate application.

An abnormal proliferative disease that occurs as a complication of retinal detachment. Fibrous membranes form on the retina, causing traction and making surgery difficult.

Explains the care steps needed for safe contact lens use (rub-and-rinse cleaning, disinfection, and lens case care) and the importance of regular eye exams. It describes the risk of corneal infections and corneal ulcers caused by poor care, and how to prevent them based on the type of solution.

Learn the correct way to use eye drops, including why one drop at a time is enough, the 5-minute rule between multiple eye drops, the importance of pressing the tear sac, the order of application, and how to prevent systemic side effects.

A neuro-ophthalmic disorder characterized by selective impairment in the ability to recognize and identify faces. It is broadly divided into perceptual and associative types. Acquired prosopagnosia results from cerebrovascular disease, tumors, trauma, etc. Developmental prosopagnosia is present in approximately 2–2.5% of the general population.

An extremely rare neuro-ophthalmic disorder in which optic atrophy on one side due to an intracranial mass coincidentally coexists with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) on the contralateral side, unrelated to the mass.

A systemic disease in which fibrous abnormal material deposits on the lens capsule, iris, ciliary body, etc. It increases the risk of complications during cataract surgery and is an important cause of glaucoma. It is found in about 4% of people aged 70 and older, and 20-40% of those affected develop glaucoma.

A specialist explains the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Detailed coverage includes contact lens-related risks, characteristics of ring abscess, fluoroquinolone treatment, and pathophysiology of liquefactive necrosis.

Cystoid macular edema (CME) occurring after cataract surgery. The main mechanism is disruption of the blood-retinal barrier mediated by prostaglandins and VEGF, and it is one of the common causes of postoperative visual acuity loss.

A condition in which the eyes appear misaligned despite the absence of true deviation of the visual axes. It is most commonly pseudoesotropia due to facial morphological features such as epicanthal folds or an abnormal angle kappa.

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. It is a designated intractable disease that leads to calcification and fragmentation of elastic fibers, resulting in multi-organ damage to the skin, eyes, and cardiovascular system.

This article describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of uveitis associated with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Anterior uveitis is predominant, and caution is needed regarding new onset or exacerbation risk when using IL-17 inhibitors.

A chronic disease in which fibrovascular tissue of the conjunctiva extends onto the cornea in a wing-like shape. Ultraviolet exposure is the greatest risk factor, and surgical excision with conjunctival autograft is the mainstay of treatment.

A comprehensive explanation of the definition, classification by cause (congenital, aponeurotic, neurogenic, myogenic, pseudoptosis), diagnosis, surgical technique selection, and conservative treatment (oxymetazoline eye drops) of blepharoptosis.

A neuro-ophthalmological phenomenon in which an object moving on a plane is perceived as three-dimensional (with depth) due to a difference in interocular visual signal transmission time. Demyelinating optic neuritis and monocular cataract are representative causative diseases.

A congenital absence of the lacrimal puncta. The main symptom is epiphora, and approximately 43% of cases are associated with systemic syndromes such as ectodermal dysplasia or Down syndrome. Surgical treatment may be necessary depending on the level of obstruction.

A surgical procedure that permanently closes the punctum and vertical canaliculus using thermal or electrocautery. It prolongs tear retention time and protects the ocular surface in severe dry eye.

A small device that closes the lacrimal drainage system to increase tear volume on the ocular surface. Widely used as an adjunct to eye drops in dry eye treatment.

A condition that causes epiphora due to narrowing or occlusion of the punctum, the tear drainage opening. It is classified into congenital punctal agenesis and acquired types (inflammatory, drug-induced, age-related, traumatic). Main acquired causes include Stevens-Johnson syndrome, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, anticancer drug S-1, and glaucoma eye drops. First-line treatment is punctal dilation or incision; for recurrent occlusion, silicone tube intubation is performed.

An idiopathic inflammatory choroidal disease that predominantly affects young myopic women. It presents with small yellowish-white lesions in the posterior pole and is frequently complicated by choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

A very rare hereditary corneal dystrophy characterized by punctiform and polychromatic minute opacities in the pre-Descemet layer. Asymptomatic with good visual prognosis.

A comprehensive review article covering the causes, differential diagnosis, and diagnosis of miosis (small pupil) and mydriasis, including management of small pupils during cataract surgery. It organizes the differential diagnosis and treatment of Horner syndrome, Adie pupil, oculomotor nerve palsy, IFIS, and others.

Explanation of techniques and devices for securing the pupil using iris retractors, pupil expansion rings, and mechanical stretching in cataract surgery for small pupils and intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS).

A complication after cataract surgery where the optic part of the intraocular lens prolapses in front of the iris. It is more likely to occur after sutured IOL or intrascleral fixation IOL, with an incidence of about 3.6% for scleral-sutured IOL. Characterized by glare and photophobia, and attention should be paid to recurrence due to reverse pupillary block.

Pupillary function testing evaluates pupil size, light reflex, and near reflex. In particular, detection of relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) using the swinging flashlight test is essential for diagnosing optic nerve disorders. This article explains the anatomy of the light reflex, examination procedure, differential diagnosis of anisocoria, and pharmacological pupillary testing.

Pupillography is a test method that combines an infrared video camera and computer software to quantitatively record and measure pupillary responses. It objectively evaluates parameters such as the pupillary light reflex, dilation dynamics, and PIRP, and is clinically applied in a wide range of fields including ophthalmology, neurology, and pharmacology.

An occlusive retinal microvasculopathy characterized by cotton-wool spots, retinal hemorrhages, and Purtscher flecken in the posterior pole, associated with trauma or systemic diseases (e.g., acute pancreatitis, renal failure). Approximately 60% of cases are bilateral, and observation is the basic management strategy.

A characteristic chorioretinopathy associated with trauma or systemic diseases (e.g., acute pancreatitis, renal failure, preeclampsia) that presents with white patches, hemorrhages, and Purtscher flecken in the posterior pole. It causes bilateral painless vision loss.

Pyogenic granuloma is a reactive capillary proliferative lesion that often develops after a chalazion or trauma (lobular capillary hemangioma). It appears as a red pedunculated mass and is treated by excision or local steroid injection.

A vision-threatening keratitis caused by the aquatic oomycete Pythium insidiosum. It closely resembles fungal keratitis but antifungal drugs are ineffective; early accurate diagnosis and antibacterial treatment determine the prognosis.