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An autosomal dominant hereditary vitreoretinal degeneration caused by VCAN gene mutation. It is a rare disease characterized by optically empty vitreous, presenting with myopia, juvenile cataract, night blindness, and progressive chorioretinal atrophy.

Retinopathy associated with systemic hematologic disease caused by excessive IgM production in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), which increases serum viscosity and leads to dilation, tortuosity, and hemorrhage of retinal veins.

Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a rare hereditary connective tissue disorder characterized by microspherophakia, lens dislocation, secondary glaucoma, short stature, and brachydactyly. It occurs in 1 in 100,000 individuals, and early ophthalmologic management determines visual prognosis.

A Wessely immune ring is a sterile ring-shaped infiltration that occurs as an immune reaction in the corneal stroma to foreign antigens. It appears in association with infectious keratitis (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acanthamoeba, herpes) and non-infectious factors (e.g., contact lenses, laser treatment), and immune complex-mediated complement activation is central to its pathogenesis.

A rare idiopathic maculopathy observed in middle-aged and older adults from West Africa. Birefringent yellow-green crystals deposit near the fovea, but it is usually asymptomatic and does not threaten vision.

Multifocal chorioretinitis associated with West Nile virus (WNV) infection. It is an important ocular complication of mosquito-borne viral infections, often asymptomatic with a good prognosis.

Explains the causes and treatments for eyelid twitching (orbicularis myokymia), and the differential diagnosis and treatment (botulinum toxin, MVD) for essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.

Explains the causes of floaters (symptoms of seeing floating objects in front of the eyes), the difference between physiological floaters and pathological floaters, danger signs that require medical attention, and eye examinations and treatments.

A mature or hypermature cataract in which lens opacification has advanced to a white appearance. Surgical difficulty is high, requiring specialized preoperative evaluation and capsulorhexis techniques.

A comparative hub article systematically comparing 7 diseases including APMPPE, MEWDS, PIC, MFC, Birdshot, Serpiginous choroiditis, and AZOOR by age, sex, and imaging findings. Includes differential diagnosis flowchart and general treatment overview.

White pupil (Leukocoria) is a condition in which the pupil appears white, and is a sign of many eye diseases including retinoblastoma. It is detected as an abnormality of the red reflex in children, and prompt differential diagnosis is required.

A general term for retinal imaging technologies that can capture a wide area of the fundus (50 degrees or more) in a single shot. Ultra-widefield systems capture over 80% of the retinal surface area and are used for detecting peripheral lesions and diabetic retinopathy screening.

Wilson disease is a copper metabolism disorder caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene, characterized by three main features: liver disease, extrapyramidal symptoms, and corneal Kayser-Fleischer rings. Kayser-Fleischer rings are copper deposits at the level of Descemet's membrane and are an important ophthalmic finding for diagnosis. Copper chelating agents and zinc therapy can reduce or resolve Kayser-Fleischer rings.

This article explains the etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the wipeout/snuff-out phenomenon, a rare complication that can occur after glaucoma surgery.

The Worth 4-Light Test (W4LT) is a clinical examination that uses red-green glasses to evaluate binocular vision (fusion, suppression, anomalous retinal correspondence, diplopia). It can be performed from around 3 years of age and is tested at both near and far distances.