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Idiopathic peripheral retinal vasculitis characterized by periphlebitis, vascular occlusion, and neovascularization. It predominantly affects healthy young men and causes recurrent vitreous hemorrhage. Hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein is the most likely etiological theory.

Explanation of ophthalmic complications of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Uveitis, retinal lesions, cataracts, and persistence of virus in the anterior chamber as part of post-Ebola virus disease syndrome (PEVDS) and their management.

Ophthalmic complications in survivors of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Various ocular symptoms, including uveitis, appear during the recovery phase and can lead to long-term visual impairment.

Ectasia after refractive surgery (iatrogenic keratectasia) is a serious complication in which the corneal stroma progressively thins and steepens after LASIK, PRK, or SMILE. The prevalence is highest with LASIK at 90 per 100,000 eyes. Early intervention with corneal cross-linking is effective in halting progression.

Comprehensive explanation of post-refractive surgery ectasia (iatrogenic keratectasia), including its definition, risk factors, preoperative screening, diagnostic criteria, treatment (corneal cross-linking), pathophysiology, and its effect on IOL power calculation. LASIK prevalence: 90 per 100,000 eyes, safety threshold of RST ≥280 μm, importance of early CXL intervention.

Explains preoperative assessment methods for corneal ectasia risk in refractive surgery. Covers screening using corneal topography, tomography, and biomechanical indices, as well as risk assessment tools such as the Randleman score, PTA, and BAD-D.

Explanation of the causes, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ectropion (a condition where the eyelid turns outward). It is classified into four types: involutional, paralytic, cicatricial, and mechanical. Surgical treatments such as the lateral tarsal strip procedure and Kuhnt-Szymanowski procedure are mainly discussed.

A group of hereditary connective tissue disorders caused by abnormal collagen synthesis. Classified into 13 subtypes, characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and tissue fragility. Associated with various ocular complications such as blue sclera, corneal thinning, and keratoconus.

Detailed explanation of the principle, procedure, normal values, abnormal findings, and target diseases of electrooculography (EOG). An electrophysiological test to evaluate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) function.

Electroretinography (ERG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation. This article explains the types of full-field ERG, multifocal ERG, and pattern ERG, as well as the test procedure and clinical applications.

Electroretinography (ERG) is a non-invasive functional test that records the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation. This article explains the types of ERG (full-field ERG, multifocal ERG, pattern ERG), the ISCEV standard protocol, test procedures, ERG findings in representative diseases, and clinical applications.

This article describes the incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, and management of secondary intraocular pressure elevation occurring after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckling, panretinal photocoagulation, intravitreal anti-VEGF injection, triamcinolone injection, silicone oil, and intraocular gas injection, by surgical procedure.

This article explains the developmental process of the eyeball and ocular adnexa, covering from gastrulation to optic cup formation, differentiation of each tissue, the role of retinoic acid signaling, and genes involved in developmental abnormalities.

An anatomical condition in which cerebrospinal fluid herniates into the sella turcica, compressing and flattening the pituitary gland. It is classified into primary and secondary types and may be associated with endocrine disorders and visual field defects.

A severe infection where bacteria spread hematogenously into the eye from sepsis, liver abscess, etc. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the main causative organism, and progression is rapid. Early triple-route antibiotic administration and vitrectomy determine the prognosis.

Purulent inflammation of intraocular fluids, occurring after surgery, trauma, or hematogenous dissemination from a systemic infection focus. Characterized by hypopyon and vitreous opacity; a highly urgent disease where prompt diagnosis and treatment determine visual prognosis.

A glaucoma surgery that uses an endoscope to directly visualize and laser ablate the ciliary processes, reducing aqueous humor production and lowering intraocular pressure. It is increasingly performed concurrently with cataract surgery.

Explanation of the principles, indications, techniques (limbal/pars plana approach), combined cataract surgery (phaco-ECP), complications, and outcomes of endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP). Includes comparison with transscleral methods and results of the latest meta-analysis.

Comprehensive explanation of the definition, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of entropion (congenital, involutional, cicatricial, spastic, mechanical). Detailed description of key points in surgical technique selection such as the Hotz procedure, Jones modification, and lateral tarsal strip procedure.

Entropion is a condition in which the eyelid margin turns toward the eye and the eyelashes touch the cornea. The main types are congenital (trichiasis entropion) and age-related (involutional). For congenital cases, the suture method or Hotz procedure is used; for age-related cases, procedures that shorten the supporting tissues, such as the Jones modification or the lateral tarsal strip method, are selected. Ending with slight overcorrection is the key to reducing recurrence.

This article explains the indications, surgical technique, implant, and postoperative care for enucleation. It is a procedure that removes the entire eyeball and part of the optic nerve; the main indications are intraocular malignant tumors, eye injuries with no chance of vision recovery, and painful blind eyes.

This article explains the epidemiology, symptoms, ocular complications, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and pathophysiology of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome).

Trichiasis is a condition in which eyelashes grow abnormally toward the eye, while epiblepharon is a congenital condition in which excess skin causes the eyelashes to contact the cornea. Treatment options include eyelash removal, electrolysis, hair root resection, and modified Hotz procedure, selected based on severity and cause.

Explains the definition, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of epicanthus (Mongolian fold). Covers the distinction between epicanthus and epicanthus inversus, its relationship to blepharophimosis syndrome, pseudoesotropia, and the indications and techniques of epicanthoplasty.

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC): causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment explained based on the Japanese Guidelines for Viral Conjunctivitis 2025 edition. A highly contagious acute conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus species D (types AdV8/37/53/54/56/64/85), covering MSI staging, diagnostic criteria, steroid/iodine treatment flow, infection control in healthcare settings, and response under the School Health and Safety Act.

A fibrocellular proliferative tissue formed on the inner limiting membrane of the retina. It is classified into idiopathic and secondary types, and causes metamorphopsia and visual loss. This article explains Gass classification, OCT diagnosis, vitrectomy including ILM peeling, complications, and long-term prognosis.

Explains the pathology, OCT findings, differentiation from ERM, and surgical methods (EP embedding, ILM flap combined) of epiretinal proliferation (ERP/LHEP) based on literature. Also details the relationship with lamellar macular hole and full-thickness macular hole.

Explains symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of episcleritis. Details the difference between simple and nodular types, differentiation from scleritis using the epinephrine test, association with systemic diseases, and prevention of recurrence.

This article explains the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis (argon laser test), and management (en bloc excision, drainage device, intravitreal methotrexate injection) of epithelial downgrowth that occurs after penetrating ocular trauma or anterior segment surgery, and its relationship with glaucoma.

Esotropia is a misalignment of the eyes in which one eye deviates inward (toward the nose). The main types are infantile esotropia and accommodative esotropia. For infantile esotropia, very early surgery (≤8 months) is advantageous for achieving binocular vision, while for accommodative esotropia, full refractive correction with glasses is the basic treatment.

Toxic optic neuropathy caused as a side effect of the antituberculosis drug ethambutol. Characterized by bilateral, painless vision loss and color vision abnormalities. Early detection and drug discontinuation determine visual prognosis.

Enucleation is a surgery that removes the entire eyeball and cuts the optic nerve, while evisceration is a procedure that removes only the intraocular contents while preserving the sclera and extraocular muscles. Main indications include intraocular malignant tumors, ocular trauma with no hope of vision recovery, and painful blind eyes. After surgery, cosmetic and functional maintenance is achieved with an orbital implant and prosthetic eye.

This article explains the indications, preoperative evaluation, selection of sedatives, and procedure for examination under anesthesia (EUA) in children. Main indications include retinoblastoma screening, diagnosis of developmental glaucoma, and electrophysiological tests such as ERG and VEP. It comprehensively covers doses of outpatient sedatives such as triclofos sodium and chloral hydrate, fasting guidelines, management of the oculocardiac reflex, and discharge criteria after sedation.

Explains the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of exfoliation glaucoma (pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, PXG). Covers association with LOXL1 gene, clinical findings of Sampaolesi line and exfoliation material, differentiation from POAG, diurnal intraocular pressure variation, role of SLT, trabeculectomy, zonular weakness during cataract surgery, OCTA vessel density studies, and wipe-out syndrome.

Exotropia is a misalignment of the eyes in which one eye deviates outward. Intermittent exotropia is the most common type. This article explains classification, diagnosis, and treatment including surgery.

A comprehensive explanation of the definition, history, indications, surgical techniques, anesthesia methods, tamponade, and postoperative management of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Includes 25–27G MIVS, selection guidelines for sub-Tenon anesthesia and retrobulbar anesthesia, and contraindications for nitrous oxide.

A condition in which the cornea is exposed to the external environment for a prolonged period due to incomplete eyelid closure or impaired blinking, leading to dryness, epithelial damage, and infection. Lagophthalmos is the primary cause, with a prevalence of up to 34% in ICU patients.

Expulsive hemorrhage (expulsive choroidal hemorrhage) is the most severe intraoperative complication during cataract surgery, caused by rupture of choroidal vessels leading to rapid bleeding into the suprachoroidal space. The incidence is rare (0.04–0.1%), but severe cases can result in expulsion of intraocular contents and blindness.

A surgical technique involving extensive resection of the bulbar conjunctiva and application of mitomycin C to reduce conjunctival hyperemia for cosmetic purposes. It is banned in South Korea due to serious complications such as necrotizing scleritis.

The extraocular muscles consist of four rectus muscles, two oblique muscles, and the levator palpebrae superioris, and are responsible for eye movement and eyelid elevation under the control of three cranial nerves.

A non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by subretinal fluid accumulation due to dysfunction of retinal vessels, RPE, and choroid. It has various causes including inflammation, infection, tumor, and drugs.

Explains the role of eye banks, donor eligibility criteria, corneal harvesting and preservation, legal framework, and current status and challenges in Japan.

Eye Dock is a comprehensive eye examination for asymptomatic individuals, aimed at detecting glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other conditions before symptoms appear, enabling early treatment. Annual screening is recommended for those aged 40 and older.

Organize the differences among eye examinations used for disability certificates, driver’s licenses, and disability pensions, such as visual acuity tests, visual field tests, and depth perception tests.

This article explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of eye fatigue (asthenopia), including the latest meta-analysis data.

A treatment that occludes the healthy eye with an eye patch to improve visual acuity in the amblyopic eye. Evidence for dosing has been established by large-scale RCTs from PEDIG.

Explains the techniques, indications, complications, safety, and latest research on keratopigmentation and eyeball tattooing.

Explains the causes, classification (I–III degrees), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of eyelid burns. Covers acute-phase cooling and lubrication, skin grafting and reconstructive surgery, and management of orbital compartment syndrome.

Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of eyelid lacerations (cuts on the eyelid). Covers important knowledge in eye trauma, including associated canalicular lacerations and suturing techniques.

Involuntary, fine, undulating contractions of the orbicularis oculi muscle, typically occurring unilaterally in the lower eyelid. It is a benign, self-limiting condition often triggered by stress, fatigue, or caffeine, and usually resolves spontaneously.

An eyelid nevus is a benign tumor caused by proliferation of nevus cells, and is the most common benign eyelid tumor. It is classified into junctional nevus, compound nevus, and intradermal nevus. Junctional and compound nevi rarely may transform into malignant melanoma, so caution is required.

Eyelid papilloma is a benign epithelial tumor associated with HPV, forming a pink cauliflower-like mass. It is often pedunculated, but sessile types require differentiation from squamous cell carcinoma. Excision plus cryocoagulation is the standard treatment.

Explains when eyelid reconstruction is used, how the defect is assessed, how the surgical method is chosen (from direct closure to Cutler-Beard and Hughes flap techniques), posterior lamellar grafts, and the latest tissue engineering.

This article explains the definition and causes of eyelid retraction, its relation to thyroid eye disease, diagnosis, MRD evaluation, and surgical treatment including Müller muscle resection and levator recession.

A malignant tumor that arises from the squamous layer of the eyelid and is the second most common malignant eyelid tumor. UV exposure and immunosuppression are risk factors, and complete surgical excision is the standard treatment.

The EyeWatch (eW) is the world's first adjustable glaucoma drainage device, allowing non-invasive fine-tuning of postoperative intraocular pressure via external magnetic control. It is gaining attention as a new treatment option for refractory glaucoma.