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Explanation of the causes, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ectropion (a condition where the eyelid turns outward). It is classified into four types: involutional, paralytic, cicatricial, and mechanical. Surgical treatments such as the lateral tarsal strip procedure and Kuhnt-Szymanowski procedure are mainly discussed.

Electroretinography (ERG) is a non-invasive functional test that records the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation. This article explains the types of ERG (full-field ERG, multifocal ERG, pattern ERG), the ISCEV standard protocol, test procedures, ERG findings in representative diseases, and clinical applications.

A severe infection where bacteria spread hematogenously into the eye from sepsis, liver abscess, etc. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the main causative organism, and progression is rapid. Early triple-route antibiotic administration and vitrectomy determine the prognosis.

Explanation of the principles, indications, techniques (limbal/pars plana approach), combined cataract surgery (phaco-ECP), complications, and outcomes of endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP). Includes comparison with transscleral methods and results of the latest meta-analysis.

Comprehensive explanation of the definition, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of entropion (congenital, involutional, cicatricial, spastic, mechanical). Detailed description of key points in surgical technique selection such as the Hotz procedure, Jones modification, and lateral tarsal strip procedure.

Trichiasis is a condition in which eyelashes grow abnormally toward the eye, while epiblepharon is a congenital condition in which excess skin causes the eyelashes to contact the cornea. Treatment options include eyelash removal, electrolysis, hair root resection, and modified Hotz procedure, selected based on severity and cause.

Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) based on the Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Viral Conjunctivitis 2025 edition. Covers the highly contagious acute conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus D species (AdV8/37/53/54/56/64/85), including the MSI staging classification, diagnostic criteria, steroid/iodine treatment flow, hospital infection control measures, and compliance with the School Health and Safety Act.

A fibrocellular proliferative tissue formed on the inner limiting membrane of the retina. It is classified into idiopathic and secondary types, and causes metamorphopsia and visual loss. This article explains Gass classification, OCT diagnosis, vitrectomy including ILM peeling, complications, and long-term prognosis.

Explains the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of episcleritis. Details the differences between simple and nodular types, differentiation from scleritis using the epinephrine test, association with systemic diseases, and prevention of recurrence.

Esotropia is a misalignment of the eyes in which one eye deviates inward (toward the nose). The main types are infantile esotropia and accommodative esotropia. For infantile esotropia, very early surgery (≤8 months) is advantageous for achieving binocular vision, while for accommodative esotropia, full refractive correction with glasses is the basic treatment.

Toxic optic neuropathy caused as a side effect of the antituberculosis drug ethambutol. Characterized by bilateral, painless vision loss and color vision abnormalities. Early detection and drug discontinuation determine visual prognosis.

Explains the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of exfoliation glaucoma (pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, PXG). Covers association with LOXL1 gene, clinical findings of Sampaolesi line and exfoliation material, differentiation from POAG, diurnal intraocular pressure variation, role of SLT, trabeculectomy, zonular weakness during cataract surgery, OCTA vessel density studies, and wipe-out syndrome.

Exotropia is a misalignment of the eyes in which one eye deviates outward. Intermittent exotropia is the most common type. This article explains classification, diagnosis, and treatment including surgery.

A comprehensive explanation of the definition, history, indications, surgical techniques, anesthesia methods, tamponade, and postoperative management of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Includes 25–27G MIVS, selection guidelines for sub-Tenon anesthesia and retrobulbar anesthesia, and contraindications for nitrous oxide.

Explains the role of eye banks, donor eligibility criteria, corneal harvesting and preservation, legal framework, and current status and challenges in Japan.

Eye Dock is a comprehensive eye examination for asymptomatic individuals, aimed at detecting glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other conditions before symptoms appear, enabling early treatment. Annual screening is recommended for those aged 40 and older.

Explains the causes, classification (I–III degrees), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of eyelid burns. Covers acute-phase cooling and lubrication, skin grafting and reconstructive surgery, and management of orbital compartment syndrome.

An eyelid nevus is a benign tumor caused by proliferation of nevus cells, and is the most common benign eyelid tumor. It is classified into junctional nevus, compound nevus, and intradermal nevus. Junctional and compound nevi rarely may transform into malignant melanoma, so caution is required.

Eyelid papilloma is a benign epithelial tumor associated with HPV, forming a pink cauliflower-like mass. It is often pedunculated, but sessile types require differentiation from squamous cell carcinoma. Excision plus cryocoagulation is the standard treatment.