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A comprehensive explanation of the definition, dose threshold, diagnosis, and treatment including anti-VEGF therapy for radiation-induced ocular disorders (cataract, retinopathy, optic neuropathy).

A benign cystic lesion arising from anatomical remnants during pituitary development. Often asymptomatic, but enlargement can cause headache, visual field defects, and endocrine dysfunction.

A condition in which epithelial erosions recur due to abnormal adhesion of the corneal epithelium. Characterized by sudden eye pain upon waking, and managed stepwise from conservative therapy to surgical treatment.

Repeated low-level red light therapy (RLRL) is a myopia progression control treatment that irradiates red light in the 650–670 nm band for 3 minutes twice daily to suppress axial elongation. This article explains the evidence from major RCTs, treatment protocol, safety, and comparison with other therapies.

A clinical sign detected as a difference in pupillary response between the two eyes when light is shone into each eye separately. It indicates unilateral or asymmetric optic nerve or retinal damage and is useful for early detection of many important diseases, including emergencies.

A special type of age-related macular degeneration characterized by neovascularization originating from the intraretinal capillary plexus (type 3 MNV). It predominantly affects elderly women, has a high rate of bilateral involvement, and tends to be treatment-resistant. Intravitreal anti-VEGF injection is the first-line treatment, and combination with PDT is also an option.

This article explains the definition, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of retinal astrocytic hamartoma associated with tuberous sclerosis.

This article explains the diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of retinal capillary hemangioma (retinal hemangioblastoma) associated with VHL disease, including the latest knowledge such as the VHL Disease Clinical Practice Guidelines (2024 edition).

Retinal cavernous hemangioma is a low-flow venous malformation, usually non-progressive. This article discusses clinical findings, differential diagnosis, and management.

A form of traumatic retinal tear in which the retina is detached from the vitreous base at the ora serrata due to blunt ocular trauma. It is common in young individuals and progresses slowly as a shallow retinal detachment, so attention must be paid to delayed diagnosis.

A phenomenon in which the retina shifts relative to the RPE after surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). It causes metamorphopsia and aniseikonia, and is diagnosed by a hyperautofluorescent line on fundus autofluorescence imaging.

Comprehensive explanation of the principles, types, and indications of laser treatment for retinal diseases. Covers various techniques such as panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), focal photocoagulation, and subthreshold micropulse laser, along with the latest evidence.

A condition in which the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) separates from Bruch's membrane. It is an important associated finding in age-related macular degeneration and central serous chorioretinopathy, and significantly affects visual prognosis.

An implantable device that activates remaining retinal neurons via electrical or chemical stimulation in patients with photoreceptor loss due to retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. It aims to partially restore vision.

Explains retinal tears caused by traction at sites of vitreoretinal adhesion, retinal holes due to atrophy, and lattice degeneration as a peripheral degeneration. Comprehensively describes risk factors, diagnosis, laser treatment, and indications for prophylactic retinal photocoagulation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

A condition characterized by inflammation of retinal blood vessels. It is associated with various underlying diseases such as SLE, Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis, and GPA. Stepwise treatment with steroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics is the standard approach.

Explanation of the definition, classification (BRVO, CRVO), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment (anti-VEGF therapy, laser photocoagulation) of retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): symptoms, causative genes, tests, treatments, and latest research. Onset with night blindness and visual field constriction; an inherited retinal dystrophy involving over 100 genes.

A malignant tumor that develops in the retina of infants and young children. Caused by mutations in the RB1 gene, with 70-80 new cases per year in Japan. The most common initial symptom is leukocoria (white pupil). The 5-year survival rate in developed countries is over 95%. Hereditary cases carry a risk of secondary cancers.

A disease involving fundus degeneration in high myopia (≥ -6D or axial length ≥ 26.5 mm). Comprehensive explanation of myopic maculopathy (choroidal atrophy, MNV, MTM). It is the second leading cause of adult blindness in Japan. Anti-VEGF drugs and vitrectomy are the main treatments.

A proliferative vascular disease affecting the immature retinal vessels of preterm infants. The lower the gestational age and birth weight, the more severe the disease tends to be, accounting for approximately 30% of childhood blindness. It is classified by zone, stage, and plus disease based on ICROP3, and laser photocoagulation or anti-VEGF therapy is performed for type 1 ROP according to ETROP criteria.

An objective refraction method that uses a retinoscope to measure refractive errors of the eye. It is essential for evaluating patients who cannot undergo subjective testing, such as infants and individuals with developmental delays.

Retrobulbar hemorrhage is an emergency condition in which blood accumulates in the orbit. It causes proptosis, increased intraocular pressure, and vision loss, and prompt decompression is essential.

The reverse RAPD test is a procedure to detect an afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) by observing the healthy eye when the other eye has an efferent pupillary defect. This allows evaluation of RAPD even in patients with combined efferent and afferent defects.

Explanation of eye diseases associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Dry keratoconjunctivitis (dry eye) is the most common, while scleritis and peripheral corneal ulcers are important complications affecting visual prognosis.

Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is a biologic agent targeting B cells and is used for refractory non-infectious uveitis. It is internationally positioned as a third-line option after adalimumab and infliximab.

Advanced technology that utilizes robotic techniques to enhance the precision of vitreoretinal surgery. It supports delicate procedures such as ILM peeling, subretinal injection, and retinal vein cannulation through tremor filtering and motion scaling.