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A general term for benign and malignant tumors arising in the lacrimal sac. Epithelial tumors are the most common, with about 55% being malignant. It is often misdiagnosed as chronic dacryocystitis, and delayed diagnosis leads to poor prognosis.

Lacrimal tube intubation is a surgery to recanalize the lacrimal pathway by placing a silicone tube in cases of obstruction or stenosis of the punctum, canaliculus, or nasolacrimal duct. Tube insertion using DEP/SEP perforation under dacryoendoscopy and SGI has become widespread, with a long-term survival rate of 94% for grade 1 canalicular obstruction. Complications include cheese-wiring, submucosal misinsertion, and granulation formation.

Lagophthalmos is a condition in which the eyeball is exposed due to incomplete eyelid closure, caused by facial nerve palsy, scarring, proptosis, etc. There is a risk of progression from corneal epithelial damage to perforation, and management is staged from conservative treatment to surgical intervention.

This article explains the pathology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of eye injuries caused by laser pointers, cosmetic lasers, and medical lasers. Various disorders can occur, including photothermal and photomechanical retinal damage, as well as choroidal neovascularization.

Explanation of indications, procedure, laser settings, complications, and treatment outcomes of laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). Includes evidence from ZAP trial and EAGLE trial, differentiation between Nd:YAG laser and argon laser, and rare complications (decompression retinopathy, ciliochoroidal detachment).

Explanation of the principles, indications, irradiation conditions, procedures, complications, and treatment outcomes of laser trabeculoplasty (ALT/SLT). Includes details of the 6-year results of the LiGHT trial, positioning in the 5th edition of the Japanese Glaucoma Guideline and the 6th edition of the EGS, and usage in exfoliation glaucoma.

This article explains the principles, techniques, efficacy, and safety of excimer laser trabeculotomy (ELT) and femtosecond laser image-guided high-precision trabeculotomy (FLIGHT). It also includes their positioning in MIGS and future prospects.

An outpatient procedure using Nd:YAG laser to vaporize and break up vitreous opacities (floaters). It can provide symptom relief for selected cases of floaters.

LASIK flap complications is a general term for structural, inflammatory, and infectious disorders associated with flap creation, repositioning, and postoperative course in LASIK surgery. This article explains the classification, diagnosis, and management of DLK, flap dislocation, epithelial ingrowth, free cap, buttonhole, and others.

Lattice corneal dystrophy is a hereditary corneal dystrophy in which amyloid deposits in a lattice pattern in the corneal stroma. It is broadly classified into LCD1, an autosomal dominant form caused by TGFBI gene mutations, variant types (e.g., type 3A), and gelsolin type (Meretoja syndrome). It causes recurrent epithelial erosions and progressive vision loss, and PTK and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) are standard treatments.

This article explains the classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Le Fort fractures (types I, II, and III), focusing on ophthalmic complications.

An acute to subacute optic neuropathy with maternal inheritance due to mitochondrial DNA point mutations. It predominantly affects young males, causing severe bilateral vision loss and central scotomas. The mt11778 mutation is most common, and visual prognosis is poor, but new treatments such as idebenone and gene therapy are being developed.

A condition in which the lens is displaced from its normal position. It is caused by weakening or rupture of the zonules of Zinn. Congenital cases are associated with systemic diseases such as Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria, while trauma is the most common cause of acquired cases. Mild cases are managed with refractive correction and observation, while advanced cases require lens extraction.

Classification (phacomorphic, phacolytic, lens-particle, phacoantigenic), pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of lens-induced glaucoma. Includes positioning of secondary glaucoma based on the 5th edition of the Glaucoma Clinical Practice Guidelines, differentiation and management of intumescent cataract, phacolysis, lens cortex, and phacoanaphylactic glaucoma, dosage of hyperosmotic agents, and mechanism of contraindication for miotics.

An intraocular lens (LAL) whose power can be adjusted postoperatively by ultraviolet irradiation after cataract surgery. FDA approved in 2017. An advanced IOL technology that improves refractive accuracy and patient satisfaction.

A pupillary sign in which the light reflex is impaired while the near reflex is preserved. It is caused by afferent pathway defects, midbrain dorsal lesions, efferent pathway defects, and aberrant regeneration, and is observed in conditions such as Adie tonic pupil, Argyll Robertson pupil, and Parinaud syndrome.

A rare superficial corneal dystrophy caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in MCOLN1 at Xp22.3. Gray, whorl-like, feathery microcysts appear in the corneal epithelium, causing painless progressive blurred vision. First described by Lisch et al. in 1992.

This article explains the definition of low vision care, visual function assessment, prescription of assistive devices, assistive equipment provision system, educational options, and welfare support.

Low-dose atropine eye drops (Rijusea® Mini Ophthalmic Solution 0.025%) is the first domestically approved treatment for myopia progression control in Japan in 2024. By antagonizing muscarinic receptors, it suppresses axial elongation and inhibits myopia progression by approximately 50% while minimizing side effects.

A multi-organ infectious disease caused by Borrelia spirochetes transmitted through ticks. It has three stages, and ocular symptoms range from conjunctivitis in stage 1 to uveitis, keratitis, and cranial nerve palsy in stages 2 and 3. In Japan, Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ovatus are vectors, with northern Japan (mainly Hokkaido) being endemic. It is a Class IV infectious disease under the Infectious Diseases Control Law.