T

A reference article organized by eye anatomy that collects commonly used normal and threshold values in clinical ophthalmology, including axial length, corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, aqueous humor production, and optic nerve fiber count.

Spectacle prescription is a comprehensive medical process that selects the appropriate lens power, type, and frame to correct refractive errors. In adults, prescriptions are chosen according to the intended use, while in children, careful decisions are needed that may include treatment for amblyopia and myopia control. Measures for anisometropia and proper fitting are directly linked to wearing comfort and better visual function.

Explains the role of central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal hysteresis (CH) in glaucoma management. Covers the impact on intraocular pressure measurement accuracy, evidence as a risk factor for POAG, measurement methods using ORA and Corvis ST, and clinical applications.

A rare drug-induced optic neuropathy caused by the immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506). It presents with acute to subacute, bilateral, painless vision loss and can occur even when blood levels are within the therapeutic range. Discontinuation of tacrolimus is the mainstay of treatment.

Tadpole pupil is a rare paroxysmal condition in which the pupil becomes tadpole-shaped due to segmental spasms of the iris dilator muscle. It occurs most often in healthy young women, and attacks typically resolve spontaneously within 5 minutes. It is a benign condition that does not require specific treatment.

An endemic optic neuropathy of unknown cause reported in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It primarily causes bilateral irreversible vision loss, color vision abnormalities, and sensorineural hearing loss in young people.

Uveitis that develops after tattooing, accompanied by granulomatous inflammation at the tattoo site. It is a rare disease whose etiology is thought to be related to sarcoidosis or a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to tattoo ink.

An examination that measures how quickly fluorescein is cleared from the conjunctival sac and evaluates tear turnover. It is useful for diagnosing the tear-deficient subtype of dry eye and for distinguishing it from functional epiphora.

A test that measures the time the eye remains open after fluorescein staining to evaluate tear film stability. It is a central test for dry eye diagnosis and directly links to subtype classification based on breakup patterns and stratified treatment (TFOT).

Explains total tear IgE (Allerwatch), serum antigen-specific IgE, skin tests, and eosinophil testing. A group of tests used for clinical provisional diagnosis and definitive diagnosis of allergic conjunctival disease.

Explains the current state and possibilities of telemedicine and online consultation in ophthalmology. Summarizes the results in diabetic retinopathy screening and glaucoma monitoring, what can and cannot be done in online consultations, and the framework, costs, and future outlook.

A rare disease in which amyloid fibers deposit in the temporal artery. Its symptoms closely resemble those of giant cell arteritis (GCA), making differentiation difficult, and there is a risk of incorrect treatment being continued without an accurate diagnosis.

A temporary artificial cornea device used to secure the surgical field during vitreoretinal surgery in eyes with corneal opacity. Representative types include the Landers type (made of PMMA) and the Eckardt type (made of silicone). It is removed after vitreoretinal surgery and replaced with a full-thickness corneal transplant.

An overview of basic genetics terminology in ophthalmology, types and selection strategies of genetic testing, and resources useful for diagnosis and management of hereditary eye diseases.

A rare degenerative disease characterized by non-inflammatory thinning of the peripheral cornea with lipid deposition and superficial neovascularization. It slowly progresses circumferentially from the superior quadrant, causing high irregular astigmatism and perforation triggered by minor trauma.

Explains the definition, mechanism of onset, diagnosis, and treatment of Terson syndrome, a vitreous hemorrhage and preretinal hemorrhage that occurs secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. It develops in 3–20% of SAH cases, and deciding whether vitreous surgery is indicated affects the visual prognosis.

Intraocular hemorrhage secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Explanation of indications and timing for vitrectomy, and multiple pathophysiological hypotheses.

An autosomal dominant Bowman layer dystrophy caused by the Arg555Gln mutation in the TGFBI gene. It is characterized by honeycomb-shaped corneal opacities and recurrent corneal epithelial erosions. A sawtooth pattern on anterior segment OCT and curly collagen fibers on electron microscopy are useful for diagnosis.

Bone thinning and fissures (bone defects) of the tegmen tympani associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Chronic elevation of intracranial pressure erodes the thin bone plate of the middle cranial fossa, leading to cerebrospinal fluid leakage, conductive hearing loss, meningoencephalocele, etc.

Parks-Bielschowsky three-step test for identifying the paretic muscle in hypertropia (e.g., superior oblique palsy). The three steps (primary gaze, lateral gaze, head tilt) narrow down the candidate muscles.

An idiopathic recurrent bilateral corneal epitheliopathy. Gray-white elevated punctate opacities are scattered in the central cornea without conjunctival inflammation. An association with HLA-DR3 has been suggested. Low-dose steroid eye drops and cyclosporine eye drops are effective. Visual prognosis is good, and it resolves without scarring.

Explains the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy). Covers standard treatments such as steroid pulse therapy and orbital decompression, as well as the latest insights on teprotumumab.

An autoimmune disease of orbital tissues caused by thyroid-related autoantibodies. The four main signs are eyelid retraction, proptosis, diplopia, and compressive optic neuropathy. The inferior rectus is the most commonly affected extraocular muscle. Activity is assessed using the Clinical Activity Score (CAS). In the active phase, steroid pulse therapy and teprotumumab (IGF-1R inhibitor) are effective. Surgery is planned in the inactive phase in the order of orbital decompression, strabismus surgery, and eyelid surgery.

Optic nerve dysfunction associated with thyroid eye disease (TED), primarily caused by compression of the optic nerve due to enlargement of extraocular muscles and orbital fat. It occurs in 3–8% of all TED cases, and prompt diagnosis and treatment are key to visual recovery.

A rare systemic inflammatory disease characterized by acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and bilateral anterior uveitis. It predominantly affects adolescent females and is thought to be immune-mediated. Renal prognosis is generally good, but uveitis tends to become chronic and recurrent.

Drug-induced optic neuropathy that occurs as a side effect of TNF-α inhibitors (such as etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab). It can occur during treatment for rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease and presents with symptoms similar to optic neuritis.

Tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor inhibitor, is a biologic agent reported to be effective for refractory non-infectious uveitis and uveitic cystoid macular edema that are resistant to TNF-α inhibitors. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis, a phase II study reported some response.

A rare disease characterized by unilateral severe retro-orbital pain and ophthalmoplegia (painful ophthalmoplegia) due to idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbital apex. It is notable for a dramatic response to steroids, but careful attention is required as it is a diagnosis of exclusion.

A severe corneal disorder caused by abuse of topical anesthetics. It presents with persistent corneal epithelial defects, ring-shaped stromal infiltration, and stromal edema. Differentiation from Acanthamoeba keratitis is important. The principle of treatment is immediate discontinuation of anesthetics, along with introduction of alternative analgesia and psychiatric intervention.

Explanation of the mechanism of action, intraocular pressure-lowering effect, side effects, combination drugs, and off-label use of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide, brinzolamide). Comprehensive clinical information based on EGS, AAO PPP, and the Japanese Glaucoma Treatment Guidelines.

This article explains the indications, IOL calculation, consideration of posterior corneal astigmatism, surgical technique, axis alignment, complications, and latest evidence for toric intraocular lenses (toric IOLs) in cataract surgery.

Explanation of symptoms, causes, OCT classification, diagnosis, and treatment of torpedo maculopathy. Characteristics of torpedo-shaped hypopigmented lesions on the temporal side of the macula due to congenital RPE abnormality and points for follow-up observation.

An autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the SALL1 gene, characterized by the triad of imperforate anus, ear malformations, and thumb anomalies. It may be associated with renal abnormalities, congenital heart disease, hearing loss, and ophthalmic abnormalities.

A sterile acute inflammatory reaction occurring within 12 to 48 hours after anterior segment surgery such as cataract surgery. Most cases recover with appropriate steroid treatment, but differentiation from infectious endophthalmitis is important.

A comprehensive explanation of toxic optic neuropathy, in which the anterior visual pathway is damaged by exposure to chemical substances or drugs. Details the causative agents, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, with a focus on ethambutol.

Retinochoroiditis caused by intraocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii. It is the most common cause of infectious uveitis and can occur both as a recurrence of congenital infection and as acquired infection.

Indications, surgical technique, complications, and clinical outcomes of trabecular bypass surgery (MIGS) using iStent and Hydrus microstents. Covers intraocular pressure lowering effect and safety profile when combined with cataract surgery.

Comprehensive explanation of trabeculectomy indications, surgical technique (MMC 0.04% for 4 minutes), antimetabolites (MMC, 5-FU), postoperative management (laser suture lysis, needling), complications (hypotony maculopathy, bleb infection), bleb evaluation using Moorfields classification, and long-term outcomes.

Explanation of trabeculotomy and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) including surgical classification, techniques, indications, outcomes, complications, and pathophysiology. Covers clinical evidence for ab externo trabeculotomy, microhook, KDB, GATT, iStent inject W, Hydrus, and usage requirements in Japan.

An extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ASPH gene. It is characterized by four major features: facial dysmorphism, lens dislocation, anterior segment abnormalities, and spontaneous filtering blebs. Impaired hydroxylation of EGF domains reduces the stability of the zonules, leading to progressive ocular complications.

A chronic conjunctivitis caused by repeated infection with ocular serotypes A to C of Chlamydia trachomatis, and the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It progresses from conjunctival follicles and papillary hypertrophy to scarring, trichiasis, and corneal opacity. The WHO SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvement) is promoted for its elimination.

A non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by traction from proliferative membranes or vitreous. Main causes include proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and penetrating ocular trauma. The principle of treatment is traction removal via vitrectomy.

Transient monocular vision loss that occurs when using a smartphone in a dark environment. It is a normal physiological response due to the difference in light adaptation between the two eyes.

This article explains the indications, surgical techniques, and complications of muscle transposition surgery for dysfunction of the extraocular muscles, such as paralytic strabismus and Duane syndrome. It covers major procedures including full tendon transposition, Hummelsheim procedure, Jensen procedure, and Nishida procedure.

Classification of traumatic cataracts following ocular trauma (blunt, sharp, foreign body, non-mechanical), clinical findings such as Vossius ring, diagnosis, preoperative planning, surgical techniques, amblyopia management in children, and prognosis. Detailed explanation of prognosis prediction using the OTS score and selection criteria for primary versus secondary extraction.

This article explains the classification, diagnosis, preoperative planning, surgical techniques, management in children, and prognosis of traumatic cataract following ocular trauma. It also details the clinical features of penetrating and blunt trauma, the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS), and the criteria for choosing between primary and secondary lens extraction.

A severe infection caused by microorganisms entering the eye after an open globe injury. It occurs in 1–3% of penetrating eye injuries, and early diagnosis with aggressive antimicrobial treatment directly impacts visual prognosis.

Comprehensive explanation of traumatic glaucoma. Covers mechanisms of blunt and penetrating trauma, acute management of hyphema, pathophysiology of angle recession, cyclodialysis, and ghost cell glaucoma, diagnosis using gonioscopy, UBM, and anterior segment OCT, and standard treatment from atropine eye drops, intraocular pressure-lowering medications, anterior chamber washout, to glaucoma implants.

A condition in which blood accumulates in the anterior chamber due to blunt trauma. Classified into Grades 0 to IV. Basic treatment includes rest, cycloplegics, and steroid eye drops. Attention should be paid to rebleeding, elevated intraocular pressure, corneal blood staining, and angle recession glaucoma.

Anterior uveitis caused by blunt ocular trauma, resulting in inflammation of the iris and ciliary body. Main symptoms include eye pain, photophobia, and decreased vision. Treatment involves mydriatic agents and steroid eye drops. Usually resolves within 1 to 2 weeks.

Classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical indications (CTR, intrascleral fixation, vitrectomy) of traumatic lens dislocation/subluxation caused by rupture of the zonules of Zinn due to blunt ocular trauma, along with differential diagnosis from systemic diseases.

This article explains the definition, epidemiology, OCT diagnosis, possibility of spontaneous closure, vitrectomy (with or without ILM peeling), and prognosis of traumatic macular hole caused by blunt ocular trauma or laser injury. It also details the differentiation from idiopathic macular hole and management of choroidal neovascularization.

A dilated pupil caused by rupture of the sphincter pupillae muscle due to blunt trauma. Main symptoms are decreased near vision and photophobia. The diagnosis is suggested by the absence of miosis after instillation of 1% pilocarpine. Differentiation from oculomotor nerve palsy is important.

A disease in which indirect force from blunt trauma to the eyebrow area acts on the optic canal, damaging the optic nerve. Early treatment within 24 to 48 hours after injury greatly affects prognosis. Steroid pulse therapy and optic canal decompression are treatment options.

A disease in which the optic nerve in the optic canal is damaged by indirect force from blunt trauma to the eyebrow area. It causes severe visual impairment immediately after injury, and early steroid pulse therapy affects the prognosis.

This article explains the definition, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and artificial eye management of phthisis bulbi, the end-stage condition of an irreversibly atrophied eye following ocular trauma, endophthalmitis, chronic uveitis, etc.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by open or closed ocular trauma. For open injuries, vitrectomy is the basic approach; for closed injuries, scleral buckling surgery is the standard. It is common in young people and children, and attention must be paid to progression to proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Subconjunctival bleeding caused by blunt trauma to the eye and rupture of conjunctival blood vessels. The bleeding itself usually clears on its own within 1 to 4 weeks, but the most important part of care is ruling out a conjunctival laceration, scleral laceration, or globe rupture hidden beneath the subconjunctiva.

Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis using B-mode ultrasound, indications for vitrectomy, management of ghost cell glaucoma, and prognosis of traumatic vitreous hemorrhage following blunt or open eye injury.

Comprehensive overview of treatments for uveitis. Includes mydriatics, corticosteroids (eyedrops, local injection, systemic administration), immunomodulatory therapy (antimetabolites, biologics), and surgical interventions, along with evidence from major clinical trials.

Uveitis caused by cercariae of freshwater trematodes invading the eye and forming granulomas in various parts. Common in children and adolescents in developing countries; ciliary body granulomas can cause severe visual impairment.

A condition in which the eyelashes grow in an abnormal direction toward the eyeball, distinguished from entropion by the absence of eyelid malposition. It can be caused by various factors such as trachoma, chronic blepharitis, trauma, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, and chemotherapy. Treatment is selected based on severity, ranging from epilation to electrolysis, follicle excision, and tarsal rotation surgery.

A chromosomal abnormality in which there are three copies of chromosome 13, frequently associated with severe ocular malformations such as microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma. The prognosis is poor, but survival rates have been improving due to advances in intensive care.

Uveitis caused by intraocular infection or immune reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Presents with three major lesions: occlusive retinal phlebitis, choroidal miliary tuberculosis, and tuberculoma. Standard treatment is multidrug antitubercular therapy.

Uveitis caused by intraocular infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or an immune reaction to the bacterium. It presents with a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is difficult to diagnose and treat.

This article explains the mechanism of action, indications, administration, side effects, and monitoring of TNF inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept), which are biologic agents for refractory non-infectious uveitis.

Visual hallucinations are phenomena in which visual perceptions occur without physical stimuli. They have diverse causes including psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic abnormalities, medications, and ocular diseases. Differential diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are important.

A group of small-molecule compounds that inhibit VEGF receptors from within cells. Aiming to reduce the treatment burden of anti-VEGF therapy for nAMD and DME, several formulations are in clinical trials via intravitreal, suprachoroidal, and topical routes.