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Tadpole pupil is a rare paroxysmal condition in which the pupil becomes tadpole-shaped due to segmental spasms of the iris dilator muscle. It occurs most often in healthy young women, and attacks typically resolve spontaneously within 5 minutes. It is a benign condition that does not require specific treatment.

A test that measures the time the eye remains open after fluorescein staining to evaluate tear film stability. It is a central test for dry eye diagnosis and directly links to subtype classification based on breakup patterns and stratified treatment (TFOT).

An autosomal dominant Bowman layer dystrophy caused by the Arg555Gln mutation in the TGFBI gene. It is characterized by honeycomb-shaped corneal opacities and recurrent corneal epithelial erosions. A sawtooth pattern on anterior segment OCT and curly collagen fibers on electron microscopy are useful for diagnosis.

An idiopathic recurrent bilateral corneal epitheliopathy. Gray-white elevated punctate opacities are scattered in the central cornea without conjunctival inflammation. An association with HLA-DR3 has been suggested. Low-dose steroid eye drops and cyclosporine eye drops are effective. Visual prognosis is good, and it resolves without scarring.

Explains the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy). Covers standard treatments such as steroid pulse therapy and orbital decompression, as well as the latest insights on teprotumumab.

Optic nerve dysfunction associated with thyroid eye disease (TED), primarily caused by compression of the optic nerve due to enlargement of extraocular muscles and orbital fat. It occurs in 3–8% of all TED cases, and prompt diagnosis and treatment are key to visual recovery.

A rare systemic inflammatory disease characterized by acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and bilateral anterior uveitis. It predominantly affects adolescent females and is thought to be immune-mediated. Renal prognosis is generally good, but uveitis tends to become chronic and recurrent.

Tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor inhibitor, is a biologic agent reported to be effective for refractory non-infectious uveitis and uveitic cystoid macular edema that are resistant to TNF-α inhibitors. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis, a phase II study reported some response.

A rare disease characterized by unilateral severe retro-orbital pain and ophthalmoplegia (painful ophthalmoplegia) due to idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbital apex. It is notable for a dramatic response to steroids, but careful attention is required as it is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Explanation of the mechanism of action, intraocular pressure-lowering effect, side effects, combination drugs, and off-label use of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide, brinzolamide). Comprehensive clinical information based on EGS, AAO PPP, and the Japanese Glaucoma Treatment Guidelines.

This article explains the indications, IOL calculation, consideration of posterior corneal astigmatism, surgical techniques, axis alignment, complications, and latest evidence for toric IOLs in cataract surgery.

A comprehensive explanation of toxic optic neuropathy, in which the anterior visual pathway is damaged by exposure to chemical substances or drugs. Details the causative agents, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, with a focus on ethambutol.

Retinochoroiditis caused by intraocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii. It is the most common cause of infectious uveitis and can occur both as a recurrence of congenital infection and as acquired infection.

Indications, surgical technique, complications, and clinical outcomes of trabecular bypass surgery (MIGS) using iStent and Hydrus microstents. Covers intraocular pressure lowering effect and safety profile when combined with cataract surgery.

Comprehensive explanation of trabeculectomy indications, surgical technique (MMC 0.04% for 4 minutes), antimetabolites (MMC, 5-FU), postoperative management (laser suture lysis, needling), complications (hypotony maculopathy, bleb infection), bleb evaluation using Moorfields classification, and long-term outcomes.

Explanation of trabeculotomy and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) including surgical classification, techniques, indications, outcomes, complications, and pathophysiology. Covers clinical evidence for ab externo trabeculotomy, microhook, KDB, GATT, iStent inject W, Hydrus, and usage requirements in Japan.

A chronic conjunctivitis caused by repeated infection with ocular serotypes A to C of Chlamydia trachomatis, and the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It progresses from conjunctival follicles and papillary hypertrophy to scarring, trichiasis, and corneal opacity. The WHO SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvement) is promoted for its elimination.

A non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by traction from proliferative membranes or vitreous. Main causes include proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and penetrating ocular trauma. The principle of treatment is traction removal via vitrectomy.

Classification of traumatic cataract following ocular trauma (blunt, sharp, foreign body, non-mechanical), clinical findings such as Vossius ring, diagnosis, preoperative planning, surgical techniques, amblyopia management in children, and prognosis. Detailed description of prognosis prediction using OTS score and selection criteria for primary vs. secondary extraction.

This article explains the classification, diagnosis, preoperative planning, surgical techniques, management in children, and prognosis of traumatic cataract following ocular trauma. It also details the clinical features of penetrating and blunt trauma, the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS), and the criteria for choosing between primary and secondary lens extraction.

Comprehensive explanation of traumatic glaucoma. Covers mechanisms of blunt and penetrating trauma, acute management of hyphema, pathophysiology of angle recession, cyclodialysis, and ghost cell glaucoma, diagnosis using gonioscopy, UBM, and anterior segment OCT, and standard treatment from atropine eye drops, intraocular pressure-lowering medications, anterior chamber washout, to glaucoma implants.

Classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and surgical indications (CTR, intrascleral fixation, vitrectomy) of traumatic lens dislocation/subluxation caused by rupture of the zonules of Zinn due to blunt ocular trauma, along with differential diagnosis from systemic diseases.

This article explains the definition, epidemiology, OCT diagnosis, possibility of spontaneous closure, vitrectomy (with or without ILM peeling), and prognosis of traumatic macular hole caused by blunt ocular trauma or laser injury. It also details the differentiation from idiopathic macular hole and management of choroidal neovascularization.

A dilated pupil caused by rupture of the sphincter pupillae muscle due to blunt trauma. Main symptoms are decreased near vision and photophobia. The diagnosis is suggested by the absence of miosis after instillation of 1% pilocarpine. Differentiation from oculomotor nerve palsy is important.

A disease in which the optic nerve in the optic canal is damaged by indirect force from blunt trauma to the eyebrow area. It causes severe visual impairment immediately after injury, and early steroid pulse therapy affects the prognosis.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by open or closed ocular trauma. For open injuries, vitrectomy is the basic approach; for closed injuries, scleral buckling surgery is the standard. It is common in young people and children, and attention must be paid to progression to proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Uveitis caused by intraocular infection or immune reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Presents with three major lesions: occlusive retinal phlebitis, choroidal miliary tuberculosis, and tuberculoma. Standard treatment is multidrug antitubercular therapy.

This article explains the mechanism of action, indications, administration, side effects, and monitoring of TNF inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept), which are biologic agents for refractory non-infectious uveitis.

A group of small-molecule compounds that inhibit VEGF receptors from within cells. Aiming to reduce the treatment burden of anti-VEGF therapy for nAMD and DME, several formulations are in clinical trials via intravitreal, suprachoroidal, and topical routes.