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An inflammatory disease of the lacrimal gland, broadly classified into acute (viral or bacterial) and chronic (associated with systemic diseases or IgG4-related). Acute cases present with redness, swelling, and tenderness of the lateral upper eyelid; chronic cases show painless bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement. IgG4-related dacryoadenitis responds well to steroid therapy.

Dacryocystocele is a neonatal condition in which the lacrimal sac becomes cystically dilated due to congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. This article explains its diagnosis, treatment, and complications.

Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a definitive surgery for epiphora and dacryocystitis caused by nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A bony window is created between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity to form a new tear drainage pathway. In the external approach, a bone window of approximately 1×1 cm is made, and the reocclusion rate is less than 10%, indicating a high success rate. This article describes the procedural steps under general anesthesia, preoperative nasal management, mucosal flap suturing, and stent placement.

A comprehensive guide to precautions that glaucoma patients should take in daily life, including strategies to improve eye drop adherence, management of exercise, diet, and sleep, safety in driving and mobility, assessment of daily functional impairment, and low vision care.

An X-linked recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by TIMM8A gene mutation. It sequentially presents with sensorineural hearing loss in early childhood, dystonia in adolescence, visual loss in young adulthood, and dementia in middle age.

A partial-thickness corneal transplant that preserves the recipient's Descemet membrane and corneal endothelium, replacing only the corneal stroma with donor tissue. Compared to penetrating keratoplasty (PK), it has no endothelial rejection and higher long-term graft survival. Keratoconus is the most common indication.

Chronic blepharitis caused by excessive infestation of Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis (eyelash mites). Characterized by cylindrical dandruff at the base of the eyelashes. Treatment includes tea tree oil, ivermectin, and Lotilaner ophthalmic solution (XDEMVY®), which is approved in the United States. It is often associated with meibomian gland dysfunction, recurrent chalazion, and recurrent corneal erosion.

Diagnosis and treatment of ocular complications associated with dengue virus infection. Covers a wide range of ocular findings including subconjunctival hemorrhage, dengue maculopathy, serous retinal detachment, and anterior uveitis to panuveitis.

Visual impairment and low vision significantly increase the prevalence of depression and anxiety, with 81.2% of neuro-ophthalmic disease patients presenting some psychiatric symptoms. Comprehensive support through screening, rehabilitation, and counseling is important.

This article explains the definition, symptoms, diagnosis (evaluation based on MRD-1), differential diagnosis (distinction from ptosis), treatment (upper eyelid skin excision, subbrow skin excision), pathophysiology, and prognosis of dermatochalasis.

A dermoid cyst is a congenital orbital choristoma that arises from ectodermal rests along suture lines. This article discusses its pathology, diagnosis, and surgical treatment.

A condition in which the Descemet membrane detaches from the posterior surface of the corneal stroma. It most commonly occurs as a complication of intraocular surgery, especially cataract surgery, but can also result from trauma or occur spontaneously. Extensive detachment causes corneal edema and vision loss, and early intervention with descemetopexy is the standard treatment.

A corneal endothelial transplant that only grafts the Descemet membrane and endothelial cell layer. It is the latest surgical technique for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and bullous keratopathy, offering excellent visual recovery and low rejection rates.

A corneal endothelial transplant procedure in which a donor corneal endothelial graft including Descemet's membrane and posterior stroma is transplanted. It is a standard surgical technique for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and bullous keratopathy, offering less invasiveness and faster visual recovery than full-thickness corneal transplantation.

DWEK (Descemetorhexis Without Endothelial Keratoplasty) is a surgical procedure for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy in which only the Descemet membrane is stripped without donor corneal transplantation. Corneal clarity is expected from migration of peripheral endothelial cells.

A practical guide to designing and building a microsurgery simulation facility for ophthalmology resident education. Explains equipment specifications for wet and dry labs and how to utilize digital education technologies.

This article explains the definition of developmental glaucoma (congenital glaucoma), Japanese classification (early-onset and late-onset), CGRN international classification, epidemiology, symptoms (buphthalmos, Haab striae), diagnostic criteria, goniotomy, trabeculotomy, tube shunt surgery, genes (CYP1B1), MIGS, and amblyopia management.

Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) is a PLGA sustained-release formulation for DME, RVO, and uveitis. It suppresses macular edema by releasing dexamethasone for up to 6 months.

Explains the indications, contraindications, clinical pharmacology, insertion technique, clinical trial results (post-cataract surgery, allergic conjunctivitis, post-corneal transplant), and adverse reactions of Dextenza. Also details the efficacy and patient satisfaction of dropless therapy.

Lens opacification associated with diabetes. The main mechanism is sorbitol accumulation via the polyol pathway, characterized by cortical and posterior subcapsular opacities. Cataract surgery is effective, but caution is needed for worsening of retinopathy and macular edema postoperatively.

Approximately 30-40% of diabetic patients have retinopathy, and early detection can prevent more than 90% of blindness. This article explains screening frequency by disease stage, examination methods, AI-based automated screening, and collaboration between internal medicine and ophthalmology.

Diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) is a condition in diabetic patients characterized by capillary occlusion and atrophy in the macula, leading to enlargement of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and decreased visual acuity. Advanced imaging techniques such as OCTA and AO-OCT enable evaluation at the photoreceptor level.

Optic disc edema occurring in diabetic patients, with minimal visual changes and often spontaneous resolution within 3 to 6 months. It is presumed to be caused by microvascular damage to the optic disc, and diagnosis of exclusion is required.

Diabetic retinopathy is a retinal microvascular disorder associated with diabetes and is one of the leading causes of acquired visual impairment. This article explains the staging based on the modified Davis classification, treatment of macular edema primarily with anti-VEGF therapy, and treatment of proliferative retinopathy with panretinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy.

This article explains diffuse choroidal hemangioma, which almost always occurs with Sturge-Weber syndrome, covering the characteristic fundus finding known as "tomato ketchup fundus", management of associated glaucoma, and treatment with PDT and low-dose radiation.

Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a diffuse non-infectious inflammation that occurs under the flap (within the corneal stromal interface) after LASIK or SMILE surgery. It is characterized by white granular infiltrates resembling "Sands of Sahara" and is treated with steroid eye drops or emergency flap lift and irrigation based on Grade classification. Differentiation from IFS (Interface Fluid Syndrome) is critical for determining treatment strategy.

Unilateral multifocal chorioretinitis caused by a nematode migrating in the subretinal space. It commonly affects healthy children and young adults, and if early treatment is missed, it can lead to severe irreversible vision loss. Laser photocoagulation and oral albendazole are the mainstays of treatment.

Overview of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies applied to cataract diagnosis, intraocular lens power calculation, and surgical support. Explains the latest trends such as automated diagnosis using deep learning, AI-based IOL formulas, and intraoperative phase recognition.

Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is an abnormal eye movement that does not follow Hering's law, in which the non-fixing eye slowly elevates. It is frequently associated with infantile esotropia, and treatment options include anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle and recession of the superior rectus muscle.

Explains the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of injuries around the eye caused by dog bites. Focuses on the management of eyelid lacerations, lacrimal canalicular injuries, and orbital fractures, including specific techniques for infection prevention and surgical repair.

A morphological abnormality in which the macula protrudes forward within a posterior staphyloma associated with high myopia. It is thought to be caused by localized thickening of the subfoveal sclera and may be complicated by serous subretinal fluid or choroidal neovascularization.

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic. In addition to its antibacterial effects, it has MMP-inhibitory and anti-inflammatory properties and is used for many ophthalmic conditions such as meibomian gland dysfunction, ocular rosacea, blepharitis, and recurrent corneal erosion.

Autosomal dominant retinal dystrophy caused by the R345W mutation in the EFEMP1 gene. It forms radially arranged drusen in the posterior pole and around the optic disc, clinically resembling age-related macular degeneration.

Explains the vision, visual field, depth perception, and color vision standards required for a Japanese driver's license, the passing criteria for each license type, and the role of ophthalmologists.

Explains causative drugs (mydriatics, anticholinergics, SSRIs, topiramate), mechanisms of pupillary block/non-pupillary block, symptoms and clinical findings, diagnosis (gonioscopy, UBM, AS-OCT), and treatment (acetazolamide, LPI, lens extraction) for drug-induced acute angle-closure glaucoma.

Explains the effects of systemic medications and eye drops on the cornea by layer (epithelium, stroma, endothelium). Covers vortex keratopathy, crack lines, causative drugs, diagnosis, and treatment of drug deposits.

A general term for conditions in which toxicity occurs in the macula and retina due to systemically or locally administered drugs. Causative drugs include chloroquine derivatives, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antiviral drugs, and many others. Early detection and discontinuation of the causative drug affect the prognosis.

Diagnosis and treatment of uveitis caused by systemic and topical medications. Explains the characteristics and management of causative agents such as rifabutin, bisphosphonates, immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-VEGF drugs, brimonidine, and vancomycin.

Comprehensive explanation of the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye associated with Sjögren syndrome. Includes characteristics of aqueous tear-deficient dry eye due to lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal gland, Japanese diagnostic criteria, and novel treatments such as muscarinic receptor agonists and PRP lacrimal gland injection.

A comprehensive explanation of the definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye syndrome. Covers the Japanese 2016 diagnostic criteria, the Dry Eye Clinical Practice Guidelines (Journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2019), the TFOS DEWS III treatment algorithm, TFOD/TFOT, TFOS Lifestyle, meibomian gland dysfunction, punctal plugs, and the latest treatments.

Duane retraction syndrome is a non-progressive strabismus syndrome caused by a congenital abnormality of the abducens nerve. This article explains its clinical classification, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a non-progressive strabismus syndrome characterized by congenital abnormality of the abducens nerve and aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by the oculomotor nerve. This article explains its classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and surgical indications.

Explains the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of conjunctivitis and ocular surface disease (DIOSD) associated with dupilumab (Dupixent). Goblet cell reduction due to IL-4/IL-13 inhibition, five pathological mechanisms, stepwise progression, and management with tacrolimus and cyclosporine eye drops.

A low-grade mixed glioneuronal tumor (WHO grade 1) that commonly occurs in children and young adults. It primarily arises in the temporal lobe and presents with drug-resistant epilepsy. Complete resection leads to seizure freedom in 80–100% of cases, and the prognosis is favorable.

Dyslexia is a learning disability caused by neurological abnormalities in phonological processing. This article explains its relationship with vision, diagnosis, and treatment.

Dyslexia is a learning disability caused by neurological abnormalities in phonological processing. This article explains its relationship with vision, diagnosis, and treatment.

Unpleasant optical phenomena occurring in eyes with intraocular lens (IOL) after cataract surgery. Classified into positive types such as halos and starbursts, and negative types appearing as dark shadows on the temporal side.

A condition characterized by multiple atypical melanocytic nevi and an increased risk of skin and ocular melanoma. It includes FAMMM syndrome and is known to be associated with CDKN2A gene mutations.