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An inflammatory disease of the lacrimal gland, broadly classified into acute (viral or bacterial) and chronic (associated with systemic diseases or IgG4-related). Acute cases present with redness, swelling, and tenderness of the lateral upper eyelid; chronic cases show painless bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement. IgG4-related dacryoadenitis responds well to steroid therapy.

Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a definitive surgery for epiphora and dacryocystitis caused by nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A bony window is created between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity to form a new tear drainage pathway. In the external approach, a bone window of approximately 1×1 cm is made, and the reocclusion rate is less than 10%, indicating a high success rate. This article describes the procedural steps under general anesthesia, preoperative nasal management, mucosal flap suturing, and stent placement.

A partial-thickness corneal transplant that preserves the recipient's Descemet membrane and corneal endothelium, replacing only the corneal stroma with donor tissue. Compared to penetrating keratoplasty (PK), it has no endothelial rejection and higher long-term graft survival. Keratoconus is the most common indication.

This article explains the definition, symptoms, diagnosis (evaluation based on MRD-1), differential diagnosis (distinction from ptosis), treatment (upper eyelid skin excision, subbrow skin excision), pathophysiology, and prognosis of dermatochalasis.

A corneal endothelial transplant that only grafts the Descemet membrane and endothelial cell layer. It is the latest surgical technique for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and bullous keratopathy, offering excellent visual recovery and low rejection rates.

A corneal endothelial transplant procedure in which a donor corneal endothelial graft including Descemet's membrane and posterior stroma is transplanted. It is a standard surgical technique for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and bullous keratopathy, offering less invasiveness and faster visual recovery than full-thickness corneal transplantation.

DWEK (Descemetorhexis Without Endothelial Keratoplasty) is a surgical procedure for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy in which only the Descemet membrane is stripped without donor corneal transplantation. Corneal clarity is expected from migration of peripheral endothelial cells.

This article explains the definition of developmental glaucoma (congenital glaucoma), Japanese classification (early-onset and late-onset), CGRN international classification, epidemiology, symptoms (buphthalmos, Haab striae), diagnostic criteria, goniotomy, trabeculotomy, tube shunt surgery, genes (CYP1B1), MIGS, and amblyopia management.

Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) is a PLGA sustained-release formulation for DME, RVO, and uveitis. It suppresses macular edema by releasing dexamethasone for up to 6 months.

Explains the indications, contraindications, clinical pharmacology, insertion technique, clinical trial results (post-cataract surgery, allergic conjunctivitis, post-corneal transplant), and adverse reactions of Dextenza. Also details the efficacy and patient satisfaction of dropless therapy.

Approximately 30-40% of diabetic patients have retinopathy, and early detection can prevent more than 90% of blindness. This article explains screening frequency by disease stage, examination methods, AI-based automated screening, and collaboration between internal medicine and ophthalmology.

Diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) is a condition in diabetic patients characterized by capillary occlusion and atrophy in the macula, leading to enlargement of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and decreased visual acuity. Advanced imaging techniques such as OCTA and AO-OCT enable evaluation at the photoreceptor level.

Diabetic retinopathy is a retinal microvascular disorder associated with diabetes and is one of the leading causes of acquired visual impairment. This article explains the staging based on the modified Davis classification, treatment of macular edema primarily with anti-VEGF therapy, and treatment of proliferative retinopathy with panretinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy.

This article explains diffuse choroidal hemangioma, which almost always occurs with Sturge-Weber syndrome, covering the characteristic fundus finding known as "tomato ketchup fundus", management of associated glaucoma, and treatment with PDT and low-dose radiation.

Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a diffuse non-infectious inflammation that occurs under the flap (in the corneal stromal interface) after LASIK or SMILE surgery. It is characterized by white granular infiltrates resembling "Sands of Sahara" and is treated with steroid eye drops or emergency flap lift and irrigation based on Grade classification. Differentiation from IFS (Interface Fluid Syndrome) determines the treatment strategy.

Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is an abnormal eye movement that does not follow Hering's law, in which the non-fixing eye slowly elevates. It is frequently associated with infantile esotropia, and treatment options include anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle and recession of the superior rectus muscle.

Explains the vision, visual field, depth perception, and color vision standards required for a Japanese driver's license, the passing criteria for each license type, and the role of ophthalmologists.

Explains causative drugs (mydriatics, anticholinergics, SSRIs, topiramate), mechanisms of pupillary block/non-pupillary block, symptoms and clinical findings, diagnosis (gonioscopy, UBM, AS-OCT), and treatment (acetazolamide, LPI, lens extraction) for drug-induced acute angle-closure glaucoma.

Comprehensive explanation of the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye associated with Sjögren syndrome. Includes characteristics of aqueous tear-deficient dry eye due to lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal gland, Japanese diagnostic criteria, and novel treatments such as muscarinic receptor agonists and PRP lacrimal gland injection.

A comprehensive explanation of the definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye syndrome. Covers the Japanese 2016 diagnostic criteria, the Dry Eye Clinical Practice Guidelines (Journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2019), the TFOS DEWS III treatment algorithm, TFOD/TFOT, TFOS Lifestyle, meibomian gland dysfunction, punctal plugs, and the latest treatments.