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Paralysis of the sixth cranial nerve (abducens nerve) causes dysfunction of the lateral rectus muscle, leading to paralytic esotropia and ipsilateral diplopia. Ischemia due to diabetes and hypertension is the most common cause, but the frequency of tumors is higher than in other ocular motor nerve palsies.

A condition in which the lateral rectus muscle is paralyzed due to damage to the abducens nerve (sixth cranial nerve), resulting in limited abduction of the eye and incomitant esotropia. It is the most common ocular motor nerve palsy in adults, while in children, tumors and trauma are the main causes.

Abicipar pegol is a DARPin-based anti-VEGF agent. Clinical trials were conducted for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, but the FDA rejected approval due to a high incidence of intraocular inflammation.

A rare ectodermal dysplasia caused by TWIST2 gene mutation. Characterized by eyelid hypoplasia, macrostomia, microtia, and loose skin. Treatment focuses on corneal protection and eyelid reconstruction.

Abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) is a sensory adaptation phenomenon associated with strabismus, where the fovea of one eye corresponds to an extrafoveal retinal point of the other eye. This article explains the definition, classification, diagnostic methods, and treatment.

A rare but severe corneal infection caused by Acanthamoeba, a free-living amoeba that infects the cornea. It is more common in contact lens wearers and causes severe pain and visual impairment.

A type of esotropia common in childhood, where one or both eyes turn inward due to accommodative effort caused by hyperopia or a high AC/A ratio. Spectacle correction is the mainstay of treatment, and early intervention is important for achieving binocular vision.

Accommodative insufficiency is a condition in which accommodative power is lower than expected for age, while ill-sustained accommodation is a condition in which repeated measurements show recession of the near point. With the increase in VDT work, it is also increasing in young people, and environmental improvement and appropriate spectacle prescription are the basis of treatment.

Accommodative spasm (pseudomyopia) is a condition in which excessive tension of the ciliary muscle causes transient myopia. Prolonged VDT work or near work are the main triggers. Differential diagnosis by cycloplegic refraction and environmental improvement with appropriate spectacle prescription are the basis of treatment.

Achromatopsia is an autosomal recessive retinal disease in which all three types of cone photoreceptor cells are dysfunctional. Its main features are reduced visual acuity, photophobia, nystagmus, and lack of color vision. Mutations in the CNGA3 and CNGB3 genes account for the majority of cases.

First-in-class TRPM8 receptor agonist approved by the FDA in 2025. An eye drop that stimulates corneal cold receptors to promote basal tear secretion, representing a new neurosensory approach for dry eye.

A condition caused by damage to the third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve), leading to ptosis, impaired eye movement, and pupillary dilation. Common causes include aneurysm, ischemia, trauma, and tumors. When accompanied by pupillary dilation, it is a medical emergency.

Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired retinal macroaneurysm (RAM). Covers association with hypertension, FA/IA/OCT findings, and the latest insights on laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy.

Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired retinal macroaneurysm (RAM). Covers association with hypertension, FA/IA/OCT findings, and the latest insights on laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy.

Acquired uveal eversion (AEU) is a condition in which the iris pigment epithelium prolapses anteriorly, secondary to neovascular glaucoma, ICE syndrome, and others. This article explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

Actinic keratosis (Actinic Keratosis) is a precancerous squamous lesion caused by ultraviolet exposure. It often appears on sun-exposed areas as a red, scaly patch or papule, and it carries a risk of progressing to squamous cell carcinoma.

Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common form of uveitis, characterized by acute eye pain, redness, and photophobia. It is strongly associated with HLA-B27, and local treatment with steroid eye drops and mydriatics is the mainstay.

A rare complication of corneal ectasia (e.g., keratoconus) in which rupture of Descemet's membrane allows aqueous humor to flow into the corneal stroma, causing sudden corneal edema. It occurs in 2–3% of keratoconus cases and leads to visual impairment and pain.

Comprehensive explanation of acute and chronic dacryocystitis including definition, classification, epidemiology, diagnosis, causative bacteria, treatment (DCR, probing), and dacryolithiasis. Also details management of neonatal dacryocystitis and the risk of chronic dacryocystitis before intraocular surgery.

An acute autoimmune demyelinating disease triggered by infection or vaccination. It causes multifocal lesions in the brain and spinal cord, presenting with encephalopathy, optic neuritis, motor paralysis, etc. Common in children but also occurs in adults.

Explanation of the etiology, clinical features, multimodal imaging findings, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy (AEPVM). Covers the differences between idiopathic and paraneoplastic forms.

Definition of acute glaucoma attack (APACA/acute primary angle closure attack), triad (eye pain, headache, vomiting), diagnosis, and emergency treatment. Covers evidence from the 5th edition of the Glaucoma Clinical Practice Guidelines and APGS 2025 guidelines: mannitol infusion, pilocarpine eye drops, laser iridotomy, ALPI, anterior chamber paracentesis, lens reconstruction, and contralateral eye management.

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) is an acute infectious conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus 70 (EV70) or a variant of coxsackievirus A24 (CA24v). Bulbar conjunctival hemorrhage is observed in 70–90% of cases, and it is also known as "Apollo disease." There is no specific antiviral treatment; symptomatic therapy is the mainstay. It resolves spontaneously within about one week.

First reported by Fletcher et al. in 1988, this is a self-limiting subclinical peripapillary retinopathy. It is characterized by acute blind spot enlargement and photopsia, and because fundus findings are nearly normal, it is a rare disease often misdiagnosed as optic neuritis.

An acute macular disease that suddenly occurs in young healthy individuals. It presents with acute severe vision loss after influenza-like prodromal symptoms, and the main pathology is choriocapillaris inflammation and RPE damage. Most cases recover spontaneously within weeks to months.

Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) is an outer retinal disease that predominantly affects young women, presenting with sudden paracentral scotoma. An increase in reports following COVID-19 infection and vaccination has drawn attention. OCT and NIR are key to diagnosis.

Explains the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE). Covers the characteristics of placoid lesions due to occlusive vasculitis of the choriocapillaris, multimodal imaging findings, and the latest knowledge on steroid therapy.

An acute inflammatory disease characterized by multiple disc-shaped white spots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium in the posterior pole of both eyes. It predominantly affects young adults in their 20s to 30s, tends to resolve spontaneously, but attention should be paid to the complication of central nervous system vasculitis.

Rapidly progressive necrotizing herpetic retinitis caused by herpesviruses (HSV, VZV). First reported in Japan in 1971 by Urayama et al. as "Kirisawa-type uveitis," this is an ophthalmic emergency requiring early treatment based on the ASAP principle (antiviral therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, antithrombotic therapy, and prevention of retinal detachment).

An ophthalmologist explains the symptoms, causes, OCT findings, treatment, and prognosis of acute retinal pigment epitheliitis (Krill disease). This is a self-limiting retinal inflammatory disease that commonly occurs in young people and resolves spontaneously within 6 to 12 weeks.

An acute outer retinal disorder of unknown cause. Despite minimal fundus findings, it presents acutely with photopsia and visual field defects. It predominantly affects young myopic women. The key diagnostic findings are loss of the ellipsoid zone on OCT and reduced multifocal ERG amplitudes.

This article explains the mechanism of action, indications, administration, side effects, and treatment evidence of the biologic agent adalimumab (Humira) for non-infectious uveitis.

Congenital eye abnormalities caused by mutations in the ADAMTSL4 gene. This rare hereditary eye disease is characterized by isolated ectopia lentis, ectopia lentis et pupillae, and congenital cataract, with autosomal recessive inheritance.

Principles and types of retinal imaging using adaptive optics (AO) (AO-FIO, AO-SLO, AO-OCT), clinical applications in inherited retinal diseases and retinal vascular diseases, limitations, and future prospects.

This article explains the types, indications, procedures, and complications of add-on IOLs (piggyback IOLs) that are inserted in front of an existing intraocular lens after cataract surgery.

A rare malignant epithelial tumor arising in the lacrimal gland, frequently associated with perineural invasion and distant metastasis. Standard treatment involves surgery combined with radiotherapy, but the long-term prognosis is poor, with a 10-year survival rate of 20–30%.

Adie's pupil (tonic pupil) is a condition in which the light reflex is absent or diminished due to a lesion of the ciliary ganglion, but the near response is preserved. It is common in young women and is characterized by vermiform movements of the pupil and light-near dissociation.

A technique to readjust the position of extraocular muscles after strabismus surgery to reduce overcorrection or undercorrection. Several methods exist, such as the bow-tie technique and the sliding noose technique.

An extremely rare and fatal malignant glioma (MOGA/MONG) arising in the anterior visual pathway and optic chiasm in adults. This article covers epidemiology, symptoms, imaging diagnosis, pathological findings, treatment, and prognosis.

This article explains the pathology, prevention, and treatment of posterior capsule opacification (after-cataract) after cataract surgery, as well as the optic capture technique using posterior optic buttonhole fixation (POBH).

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) definition, staging, diagnostic criteria, OCT findings, and standard treatment based on Japanese clinical guidelines. Covers neovascular AMD, PCV, RAP, geographic atrophy (GA), and the pachychoroid concept.

With aging, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, dark adaptation, and visual field decline, increasing the risk of falls and frailty. Improving visual function through cataract surgery and appropriate refractive correction, combined with exercise and social participation, can prevent frailty.

Ageism is widespread in neuro-ophthalmology, posing social and ethical challenges that lead to delayed diagnosis, undertreatment, and worsened mental health in older patients.

Ahmed ClearPath is a non-valved glaucoma drainage device approved by the FDA in 2019. It features a low-profile design and includes a ripcord, used for intraocular pressure management in refractory glaucoma.

Aicardi syndrome is characterized by the triad of chorioretinal lacunae, infantile spasms, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. This article explains the ophthalmic findings, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and pathophysiology.

An autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the JAG1 or NOTCH2 gene, affecting multiple organ systems including the liver, heart, eyes, skeleton, and kidneys. The most characteristic ocular finding is posterior embryotoxon.

An ophthalmologist explains the classification (OCA, OA, syndromic), symptoms, ocular findings (foveal hypoplasia, iris transillumination, nystagmus, abnormal optic pathway decussation), genetic diagnosis, treatment, and latest research on albinism.

An acquired reading disorder in which only reading ability is lost while writing ability is preserved. The most common cause is stroke due to occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery, and it is a representative example of disconnection syndrome.

A neurological syndrome characterized by distortions in visual perception, body image, and time sense. Migraine is the most common cause, and it is more frequent in children and young adults. Most cases resolve spontaneously, but diagnosis and treatment of underlying conditions are important.

Allergic conjunctival diseases are inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva primarily involving type I allergic reactions, classified into four types: seasonal, perennial, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Based on the Japanese Society of Ophthalmic Allergy's "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Allergic Conjunctival Diseases, 3rd Edition (2021)," this article outlines the definition, diagnostic criteria, and standard treatments (anti-allergic eye drops, immunosuppressive eye drops, and steroid eye drops).

Conjunctivitis caused by type I allergic reactions, common in children. Prevalence is about 20% and has been increasing in recent years with a trend toward younger age. It is classified into seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Treatment is based on anti-allergic eye drops, with immunosuppressive or steroid eye drops used in severe cases.

Alport syndrome is a hereditary basement membrane disease characterized by progressive renal dysfunction, sensorineural hearing loss, and ocular abnormalities, caused by mutations in type IV collagen genes (COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5). X-linked inheritance accounts for approximately 85% of cases, and males tend to have more severe disease.

Overview of alternative and complementary therapies for glaucoma. Explains the current evidence and limitations of supplements such as marijuana (cannabinoids), ginkgo biloba, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, melatonin, and lifestyle adjustments.

A rare bilateral corneal edema occurring as a side effect of amantadine, used for Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. It dose-dependently damages corneal endothelial cells, and in most cases resolves after drug discontinuation, but may become irreversible with long-term use.

A condition in which vision in one eye transiently decreases and recovers within seconds to minutes. The most common cause is thromboembolism from internal carotid artery disease, and it can be a precursor to stroke, requiring urgent evaluation.

A condition in which abnormal visual input occurs during the sensitive period of visual development, resulting in insufficient development of corrected visual acuity. It is classified into four types: refractive error, anisometropia, strabismus, and form deprivation. It is found in approximately 1-5% of children, and early detection and early treatment affect the visual prognosis.

Optic neuropathy occurring as an ocular side effect of the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone. It is characterized by insidious vision loss and persistent optic disc edema, and differentiation from nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is important.

Ocular surface reconstruction using amniotic membrane. Amniotic membrane, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and wound-healing promoting effects, is transplanted for various corneal and conjunctival diseases using three methods: graft, cover, and stuff. It has been covered by insurance in Japan since 2014.

A condition in which systemic anemia causes bilateral retinal hemorrhages. Characterized by Roth spots and hemorrhages predominantly in the posterior pole. Mainly treated medically.

A condition in which systemic anemia causes bilateral retinal hemorrhages. Characterized by Roth spots and hemorrhages predominantly in the posterior pole. Ophthalmic treatment is not required; management focuses on medical treatment of the underlying cause.

Explains the indications, contraindications, and complications of general anesthesia, local block anesthesia, sub-Tenon's anesthesia, and topical anesthesia used in strabismus surgery. General anesthesia is standard for children, and for adults, the choice of anesthesia method according to the surgical procedure and patient background is important.

A neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of function of the maternally inherited copy of the UBE3A gene on chromosome 15q11-q13. It may be associated with ophthalmic complications such as strabismus, nystagmus, and hypopigmentation.

A disease in which cracks in Bruch's membrane due to calcification and fragility appear as linear changes in the fundus. It is associated with systemic diseases such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), and when complicated by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), it leads to visual impairment.

Definition, diagnosis, and treatment of angle recession caused by cleavage of the ciliary muscle layers due to blunt ocular trauma, and long-term management of angle recession glaucoma. Detailed description of evaluation using gonioscopy, UBM, and anterior segment OCT, as well as management of hypotony and secondary glaucoma.

Congenital iris defect caused by PAX6 gene mutation. It is frequently associated with glaucoma, cataract, corneal limbal stem cell deficiency, and macular hypoplasia. This article explains the definition, diagnostic criteria, severity classification, and treatment strategies.

A rare congenital disease in which the iris is missing to varying degrees due to mutations in the PAX6 gene. It is accompanied by various ocular complications such as foveal hypoplasia, glaucoma, cataracts, and keratopathy, leading to progressive visual impairment.

A rare complication occurring in patients with congenital aniridia after intraocular surgery. A fibrous membrane forms from the rudimentary iris root, causing intraocular lens displacement, corneal endothelial failure, and hypotony.

Aniseikonia is a condition where the size or shape of the retinal image differs between the two eyes. When it exceeds 5%, it can cause eye strain, and when it exceeds 7%, fusion becomes impossible. This article explains diagnostic methods and selection of correction methods.

Anisocoria is a condition in which the pupil sizes differ between the two eyes, with causes ranging from physiological to life-threatening diseases. It is important to differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve disorders and drug-induced causes, and to perform appropriate evaluation and management.

Anisometropia is a condition in which there is a difference in refractive power between the two eyes. This article covers early detection and treatment of anisometropic amblyopia, selection of correction methods (Knapp's law), and refractive surgery for anisometropia in adults.

A type of unilateral amblyopia that occurs in the eye with a higher refractive error when there is a difference in refractive error between the two eyes. It is the most common cause of amblyopia and is often detected during health checkups for 3-year-olds or preschool children. Early refractive correction and occlusion therapy can lead to good visual recovery.

An anomaloscope is a precision test device that quantitatively determines the type and severity of color vision deficiency by mixing colored light and matching it to monochromatic light. It explains the principle of Rayleigh matching, the Nagel-type test procedure, the matching-range patterns for each color vision type, and clinical applications.

A rare congenital eye malformation in which the eyeball is completely absent. Genetic and environmental factors are involved, and early orbital expansion treatment and multidisciplinary management are essential.

Anophthalmia and microphthalmia are congenital conditions in which the eyeball is absent or small. They occur in 1 to 3 per 10,000 people. Starting expander use within the first 6 months after birth is important for orbital growth, and long-term plastic surgical management, including prosthetic eye fitting and orbital reconstruction surgery, is required.

Anophthalmic socket atrophy is a condition in which the socket shrinks and becomes sunken after eye removal, making it difficult to keep an artificial eye in place and causing cosmetic problems. It is classified as conjunctival sac contracture type, orbital depression type, or mixed type, and treated with enlargement of the conjunctival sac, dermis-fat grafting, bone grafting, or augmentation with artificial materials.

Anoxic brain injury (ABI) causes permanent damage to the visual system due to reduced oxygen supply to the brain, leading to ophthalmic symptoms such as cortical blindness, homonymous hemianopia, and ocular motility disorders. This article explains the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and rehabilitation.

An anterior chamber-fixated intraocular lens (ACIOL) used when capsular or zonular support is lost. Modern flexible open-loop designs achieve better outcomes than older designs.

An invasive procedure to collect aqueous humor for diagnostic purposes in uveitis. Used for viral DNA detection (HSV, VZV, CMV, Toxoplasma) by PCR and cytokine analysis (IL-10/IL-6 ratio for differentiating intraocular lymphoma). Lower complication risk than vitreous sampling and can be performed on an outpatient basis.

A procedure in which blood, pus, inflammatory substances, chemicals, viscoelastic materials, etc. in the anterior chamber are washed out with irrigation fluid. It is indicated for a wide range of anterior segment diseases such as endophthalmitis, hyphema, corneal blood staining, chemical burns, and post-cataract surgery complications.

An active immunosuppressive (immune tolerance) phenomenon that confers immune privilege to the anterior chamber of the eye. Antibody production is maintained against antigens that enter the anterior chamber, but cell-mediated immunity such as delayed-type hypersensitivity is antigen-specifically suppressed. This is considered the main reason why the rejection rate of corneal transplantation is only about 20%, compared to about 100% for other organ transplants.

A collective term for congenital developmental disorders of the anterior segment structures including the cornea, iris, anterior chamber, and lens. It encompasses a diverse group of diseases such as Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Peters anomaly, primary congenital glaucoma, and aniridia, with developmental glaucoma due to abnormal development of the aqueous outflow pathway being a common and important complication.

A collective term for congenital disorders caused by abnormal development of the anterior segment of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and lens. They are characterized by high genetic heterogeneity and a common tendency to complicate secondary glaucoma.

Explains the principles of anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT), SS-OCT/SD-OCT methods, quantitative angle parameters (AOD/ARA/TISA), comparison with UBM, and clinical applications (glaucoma angle evaluation, corneal evaluation, preoperative cataract evaluation). It is a diagnostic imaging device that acquires anterior segment tomographic images non-contact.

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is a non-contact, non-invasive imaging device that obtains cross-sectional images of the anterior segment of the eye. It is widely used for angle assessment in glaucoma and for pre- and post-operative evaluation.

A therapeutic procedure for recurrent corneal epithelial erosion. Using a 25-27G needle, the Bowman's layer and superficial stroma are punctured to promote anchoring fiber production through wound healing response and reconstruct epithelial adhesion. It shows an 85% efficacy rate for recurrences outside the pupillary zone.

This article explains the mechanisms of Wallerian (anterograde) degeneration and retrograde degeneration associated with neural damage in the visual pathway, diagnostic methods, and their relationship with optic atrophy.

Myasthenia gravis in which both anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and anti-MuSK antibodies are negative (double seronegative MG). Ocular symptoms are predominant, often occurring in children and young adults, and presents specific challenges in testing and diagnosis.

Perioperative management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs in patients undergoing eye surgery. Decide whether to continue, temporarily stop, or restart them based on the balance between thrombosis risk and bleeding risk.

Anton syndrome is a rare neuro-ophthalmic disorder in which patients with cortical blindness due to bilateral occipital lobe damage deny vision loss and confabulate.

Aphantasia is a condition characterized by the lack or significant reduction of the ability to visualize mental images. It is found in 2-4% of the general population and can be congenital or acquired.

A benign cystic tumor that arises from apocrine sweat glands. In the eyelid, it develops from the glands of Moll and appears as a blue-gray, dome-shaped nodule. Prognosis is good after complete excision.

This article explains disability pension for eye diseases, including grade criteria for visual acuity and visual field, application process, key points of the 2022 revision, and required documents.

A bleb leak is a condition in which aqueous humor leaks from the filtering bleb wall to the outside of the eye after glaucoma filtration surgery, confirmed by Seidel test. It is a significant risk factor for hypotony maculopathy and bleb infection, and management according to the condition is necessary, ranging from conservative treatment (autologous blood injection, bandage contact lens) to surgical treatment (conjunctival advancement, transconjunctival scleral flap suture).

A ring-shaped opacity caused by cholesterol and phospholipid deposition in the peripheral corneal stroma associated with aging. It is observed in over 70% of individuals aged 60 and older, and in nearly all individuals aged 80 and older. When similar findings appear in individuals under 40, it is called arcus juvenilis, and evaluation for familial hypercholesterolemia is recommended.

A pupillary abnormality characterized by the triad of miosis, loss of light reflex, and preserved near reflex. Classically caused by neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis), but in modern times it is often associated with diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, and demyelinating diseases. The lack of response to low-concentration pilocarpine is an important distinguishing feature from Adie's pupil.

An ischemic disease of the optic nerve associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA). It causes sudden severe vision loss, and emergency treatment with high-dose steroids is essential to prevent progression to the fellow eye.

Detailed explanation of types, indications, surgical techniques, and complications of artificial iris devices for aniridia, trauma, albinism, etc., and the risks of cosmetic use.

An extremely rare corneal finding first reported by Ascher in 1964. It presents as bilateral, symmetric annular opacities 7–8 mm in diameter in the mid-peripheral corneal stroma. It does not affect vision and requires no treatment. It is considered a diagnosis of exclusion.

An age-related degenerative disease in which calcium-phospholipid complexes deposit in the vitreous body. It is common in elderly individuals and usually asymptomatic, but acute vision loss may occur following posterior vitreous detachment.

A degenerative eye disease in which cholesterol crystals accumulate in the vitreous body. Secondary to trauma or vitreous hemorrhage, golden crystals settle due to gravity.

Asthenopia is a nonspecific syndrome involving multiple factors such as refractive error, ocular misalignment, accommodative dysfunction, dry eye, and VDT work. Meta-analysis shows a prevalence of 51%, reaching 90% among digital device users. Proper spectacle prescription and environmental improvement are the mainstays of treatment.

Astigmatism is a refractive error caused by differences in refractive power along the meridians of the cornea or lens. This article explains the classification into regular and irregular astigmatism, diagnostic methods, and correction with glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, and toric IOLs.

A treatment strategy to simultaneously correct preexisting corneal astigmatism during cataract surgery. This article explains multiple methods such as toric intraocular lenses, femtosecond laser arcuate incisions, and limbal relaxing incisions.

An extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the HOXA1 gene, leading to brainstem dysgenesis. Main features include congenital horizontal gaze palsy, sensorineural hearing loss, central hypoventilation, and developmental delay.

Juvenile cataract associated with atopic dermatitis. Characterized by star-shaped opacities under the anterior capsule. Eye rubbing behavior and influx of intraocular eosinophil granule proteins are involved in its development. Surgical planning must consider the risk of zonular weakness and retinal detachment.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder with a high risk of ocular conditions such as refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia. Due to communication difficulties, special approaches are needed for eye examinations.

Autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy (ARRON) is a rare disease in which autoimmune retinopathy and optic neuropathy occur together without malignancy. Because its clinical presentation is similar to cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), it requires exclusion diagnosis.

A relatively rare surgical procedure that replaces a damaged cornea using the patient's own cornea. There are two types: ipsilateral rotational autokeratoplasty (IRA) and full-thickness bilateral autokeratoplasty. The greatest advantage is the absence of risk of allograft rejection. It is indicated for cases at high risk of rejection or when donor corneas are difficult to obtain.

Explains the principles of objective refraction with an autorefractor-keratometer, the measurement procedure, when to use it instead of retinoscopy, how it connects with subjective refraction, how to deal with instrument myopia, and refraction testing in children.

A rare autosomal dominant hereditary ocular inflammatory disease caused by CAPN5 gene mutation. It is characterized by progressive uveitis, retinal degeneration, neovascularization, and tractional retinal detachment, ultimately leading to blindness.

Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is the most common hereditary optic neuropathy, primarily caused by OPA1 gene mutations, characterized by slowly progressive bilateral visual loss and optic atrophy starting in childhood.

A complement C5 inhibitor for geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Administered intravitreally as a pegylated RNA aptamer to slow the expansion of GA lesions.

A normal anatomical variant where the long posterior ciliary nerve forms a loop within the sclera. It is incidentally found during slit-lamp examination and is important to differentiate from scleral foreign bodies or tumors, but no treatment is required.

An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by anterior segment dysgenesis and systemic abnormalities. Glaucoma occurs in approximately 50-60% of cases, primarily caused by mutations in PITX2 or FOXC1.