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Paralysis of the sixth cranial nerve (abducens nerve) causes dysfunction of the lateral rectus muscle, leading to paralytic esotropia and ipsilateral diplopia. Ischemia due to diabetes and hypertension is the most common cause, but the frequency of tumors is higher than in other ocular motor nerve palsies.

Abicipar pegol is a DARPin-based anti-VEGF agent. Clinical trials were conducted for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, but the FDA rejected approval due to a high incidence of intraocular inflammation.

A rare but severe corneal infection caused by Acanthamoeba, a free-living amoeba that infects the cornea. It is more common in contact lens wearers and causes severe pain and visual impairment.

A type of esotropia common in childhood, where one or both eyes turn inward due to accommodative effort caused by hyperopia or a high AC/A ratio. Spectacle correction is the mainstay of treatment, and early intervention is important for achieving binocular vision.

Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a binocular vision disorder in which the ability to turn both eyes inward for near vision is reduced, causing eye strain, double vision, and headache. Convergence training and prism glasses are the mainstays of treatment, but when accommodative dysfunction is also present, environmental improvements and appropriate spectacle prescription take priority.

Accommodative insufficiency is a condition in which accommodative power is lower than expected for age, while ill-sustained accommodation is a condition in which repeated measurements show recession of the near point. With the increase in VDT work, it is also increasing in young people, and environmental improvement and appropriate spectacle prescription are the basis of treatment.

Accommodative spasm (pseudomyopia) is a condition in which excessive tension of the ciliary muscle causes transient myopia. Prolonged VDT work or near work are the main triggers. Differential diagnosis by cycloplegic refraction and environmental improvement with appropriate spectacle prescription are the basis of treatment.

Achromatopsia is an autosomal recessive retinal disease in which all three types of cone photoreceptor cells are dysfunctional. Its main features are reduced visual acuity, photophobia, nystagmus, and lack of color vision. Mutations in the CNGA3 and CNGB3 genes account for the majority of cases.

Explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired retinal macroaneurysm (RAM). Covers association with hypertension, FA/IA/OCT findings, and the latest insights on laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy.

Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common form of uveitis, characterized by acute eye pain, redness, and photophobia. It is strongly associated with HLA-B27, and local treatment with steroid eye drops and mydriatics is the mainstay.

An acute autoimmune demyelinating disease triggered by infection or vaccination. It causes multifocal lesions in the brain and spinal cord, presenting with encephalopathy, optic neuritis, motor paralysis, etc. Common in children but also occurs in adults.

Definition of acute glaucoma attack (APACA/acute primary angle closure attack), triad (eye pain, headache, vomiting), diagnosis, and emergency treatment. Covers evidence from the 5th edition of the Glaucoma Clinical Practice Guidelines and APGS 2025 guidelines: mannitol infusion, pilocarpine eye drops, laser iridotomy, ALPI, anterior chamber paracentesis, lens reconstruction, and contralateral eye management.

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) is an acute infectious conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus 70 (EV70) or a variant of coxsackievirus A24 (CA24v). Bulbar conjunctival hemorrhage is observed in 70–90% of cases, and it is also known as "Apollo disease." There is no specific antiviral treatment; symptomatic therapy is the mainstay. It resolves spontaneously within about one week.

An acute inflammatory disease characterized by multiple disc-shaped white spots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium in the posterior pole of both eyes. It predominantly affects young adults in their 20s to 30s, tends to resolve spontaneously, but attention should be paid to the complication of central nervous system vasculitis.

Rapidly progressive necrotizing herpetic retinitis caused by herpesviruses (HSV, VZV). First reported in Japan in 1971 by Urayama et al. as "Kirisawa-type uveitis," this is an ophthalmic emergency requiring early treatment based on the ASAP principle (antiviral therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, antithrombotic therapy, and prevention of retinal detachment).

An acute outer retinal disorder of unknown cause. Despite minimal fundus findings, it presents acutely with photopsia and visual field defects. It predominantly affects young myopic women. The key diagnostic findings are loss of the ellipsoid zone on OCT and reduced multifocal ERG amplitudes.

This article explains the mechanism of action, indications, administration, side effects, and treatment evidence of the biologic agent adalimumab (Humira) for non-infectious uveitis.

A rare malignant epithelial tumor arising in the lacrimal gland, frequently associated with perineural invasion and distant metastasis. Standard treatment involves surgery combined with radiotherapy, but the long-term prognosis is poor, with a 10-year survival rate of 20–30%.

Adie's pupil (tonic pupil) is a condition in which the light reflex is absent or diminished due to a lesion of the ciliary ganglion, but the near response is preserved. It is common in young women and is characterized by vermiform movements of the pupil and light-near dissociation.

A technique to readjust the position of extraocular muscles after strabismus surgery to reduce overcorrection or undercorrection. Several methods exist, such as the bow-tie technique and the sliding noose technique.

Definition, classification, diagnostic criteria, and standard treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) based on Japanese clinical guidelines. Covers anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD (typical AMD, PCV, RAP), pathology and latest treatments for atrophic AMD (geographic atrophy), and the pachychoroid concept.

With aging, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, dark adaptation, and visual field decline, increasing the risk of falls and frailty. Improving visual function through cataract surgery and appropriate refractive correction, combined with exercise and social participation, can prevent frailty.

Ahmed ClearPath is a non-valved glaucoma drainage device approved by the FDA in 2019. It features a low-profile design and includes a ripcord, used for intraocular pressure management in refractory glaucoma.

Allergic conjunctival diseases are inflammatory disorders of the conjunctiva primarily mediated by type I allergic reactions. They are classified into five subtypes: seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Based on the Japanese Society of Ophthalmic Allergy's Clinical Practice Guidelines for Allergic Conjunctival Diseases, Third Edition (2021), this article provides an overview of the definition, diagnostic criteria, and standard treatments (anti-allergic eye drops, immunosuppressive eye drops, and steroid eye drops).

Overview of alternative and complementary therapies for glaucoma. Explains the current evidence and limitations of supplements such as marijuana (cannabinoids), ginkgo biloba, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, melatonin, and lifestyle adjustments.

A condition in which vision in one eye transiently decreases and recovers within seconds to minutes. The most common cause is thromboembolism from internal carotid artery disease, and it can be a precursor to stroke, requiring urgent evaluation.

A condition in which abnormal visual input occurs during the sensitive period of visual development, resulting in insufficient development of corrected visual acuity. It is classified into four types: refractive error, anisometropia, strabismus, and form deprivation. It is found in approximately 1-5% of children, and early detection and early treatment affect the visual prognosis.

Optic neuropathy occurring as an ocular side effect of the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone. It is characterized by insidious vision loss and persistent optic disc edema, and differentiation from nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is important.

Ocular surface reconstruction using amniotic membrane. Amniotic membrane, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and wound-healing promoting effects, is transplanted for various corneal and conjunctival diseases using three methods: graft, cover, and stuff. It has been covered by insurance in Japan since 2014.

Definition, diagnosis, and treatment of angle recession caused by cleavage of the ciliary muscle layers due to blunt ocular trauma, and long-term management of angle recession glaucoma. Detailed description of evaluation using gonioscopy, UBM, and anterior segment OCT, as well as management of hypotony and secondary glaucoma.

Aniseikonia is a condition where the size or shape of the retinal image differs between the two eyes. When it exceeds 5%, it can cause eye strain, and when it exceeds 7%, fusion becomes impossible. This article explains diagnostic methods and selection of correction methods.

Anisocoria is a condition in which the pupil sizes differ between the two eyes, with causes ranging from physiological to life-threatening diseases. It is important to differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve disorders and drug-induced causes, and to perform appropriate evaluation and management.

Anisometropia is a condition in which there is a difference in refractive power between the two eyes. This article covers early detection and treatment of anisometropic amblyopia, selection of correction methods (Knapp's law), and refractive surgery for anisometropia in adults.

Explains the principles of anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT), SS-OCT/SD-OCT methods, quantitative angle parameters (AOD/ARA/TISA), comparison with UBM, and clinical applications (glaucoma angle evaluation, corneal evaluation, preoperative cataract evaluation). It is a diagnostic imaging device that acquires anterior segment tomographic images non-contact.

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is a non-contact, non-invasive imaging device that obtains cross-sectional images of the anterior segment of the eye. It is widely used for angle assessment in glaucoma and for pre- and post-operative evaluation.

A therapeutic procedure for recurrent corneal epithelial erosion. Using a 25-27G needle, the Bowman's layer and superficial stroma are punctured to promote anchoring fiber production through wound healing response and reconstruct epithelial adhesion. It shows an 85% efficacy rate for recurrences outside the pupillary zone.

Myasthenia gravis in which both anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and anti-MuSK antibodies are negative (double seronegative MG). Ocular symptoms are predominant, often occurring in children and young adults, and presents specific challenges in testing and diagnosis.

This article explains disability pension for eye diseases, including grade criteria for visual acuity and visual field, application process, key points of the 2022 revision, and required documents.

A ring-shaped opacity caused by cholesterol and phospholipid deposition in the peripheral corneal stroma associated with aging. It is observed in over 70% of individuals aged 60 and older, and in nearly all individuals aged 80 and older. When similar findings appear in individuals under 40, it is called arcus juvenilis, and evaluation for familial hypercholesterolemia is recommended.

A pupillary abnormality characterized by the triad of miosis, loss of light reflex, and preserved near reflex. Classically caused by neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis), but in modern times it is often associated with diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, and demyelinating diseases. The lack of response to low-concentration pilocarpine is an important distinguishing feature from Adie's pupil.

An ischemic disease of the optic nerve associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA). It causes sudden severe vision loss, and emergency treatment with high-dose steroids is essential to prevent progression to the fellow eye.

Detailed explanation of types, indications, surgical techniques, and complications of artificial iris devices for aniridia, trauma, albinism, etc., and the risks of cosmetic use.

An age-related degenerative disease in which calcium-phospholipid complexes deposit in the vitreous body. It is common in elderly individuals and usually asymptomatic, but acute vision loss may occur following posterior vitreous detachment.

A degenerative eye disease in which cholesterol crystals accumulate in the vitreous body. Secondary to trauma or vitreous hemorrhage, golden crystals settle due to gravity.

Astigmatism is a refractive error caused by differences in refractive power along the meridians of the cornea or lens. This article explains the classification into regular and irregular astigmatism, diagnostic methods, and correction with glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, and toric IOLs.

Autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy (ARRON) is a rare disease in which autoimmune retinopathy and optic neuropathy occur together without malignancy. Because its clinical presentation is similar to cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), it requires exclusion diagnosis.

Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is the most common hereditary optic neuropathy, primarily caused by OPA1 gene mutations, characterized by slowly progressive bilateral visual loss and optic atrophy starting in childhood.

A complement C5 inhibitor for geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Administered intravitreally as a pegylated RNA aptamer to slow the expansion of GA lesions.

An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by anterior segment dysgenesis and systemic abnormalities. Glaucoma occurs in approximately 50-60% of cases, primarily caused by mutations in PITX2 or FOXC1.