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An ocular prosthesis is an artificial eye worn for cosmetic and functional purposes after enucleation or evisceration. Today, custom-made acrylic (PMMA) ocular prostheses are the main standard, and they are made and adjusted in cooperation between an ocularist and an ophthalmologist. Daily care, socket management, and support that matches a child’s growth are important.

This article explains ocular complications of Fabry disease (cornea verticillata, Fabry cataract, vascular tortuosity), systemic symptoms, diagnosis, and enzyme replacement therapy.

A hereditary vitreoretinal disease characterized by retinal vascular dysplasia due to genetic abnormalities. Features include peripheral avascular retina, retinal traction, and exudative changes, leading to retinal detachment in severe cases.

A hereditary vitreoretinal disease characterized by retinal vascular dysplasia due to genetic abnormalities. Features include peripheral avascular retina, retinal traction, and exudative changes, leading to retinal detachment in severe cases.

A rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by IGFBP7 gene mutation. Characterized by bilateral retinal arterial macroaneurysms and arterial beading, with life-threatening systemic complications such as pulmonary artery stenosis and coronary artery aneurysms.

FDT (Frequency Doubling Technology) is a visual field test that utilizes the frequency doubling illusion. It is used for early glaucoma screening by detecting selective damage to the M-cell system.

A technology that automates the key steps of cataract surgery (corneal incision, capsulotomy, and lens fragmentation) using a femtosecond laser. It offers safety and visual outcomes comparable to conventional phacoemulsification, with superior precision and reproducibility of capsulotomy.

Fetal alcohol syndrome is an irreversible congenital condition caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy, characterized by distinctive facial features, growth retardation, neurobehavioral disorders, and various ocular complications.

Detailed explanation of the definition, background diseases, standard treatment in Japan (rebamipide eye drops, therapeutic SCL, PTK), pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis of filamentary keratitis based on the Japanese dry eye clinical practice guidelines.

Fingolimod is an S1P receptor modulator used for treating multiple sclerosis and can cause dose-dependent macular edema. Early detection and drug discontinuation are the mainstays of management.

A progressive, large-angle esotropia and hypotropia associated with high myopia, accompanied by restricted eye movement. Surgical treatment using the Yokoyama procedure (loop myopexy) is the first choice.

This article explains the CNA1 and CNA2 classification of cornea plana, KERA gene mutations, clinical findings (corneal flattening, shallow anterior chamber, high hyperopia), differential diagnosis, and treatment (refractive correction, corneal transplantation, cataract surgery), as well as pathophysiology.

Explains the principles, procedure, normal values, and clinical significance of the CFF (critical flicker fusion) test. Also introduces how it is used in optic neuritis and glaucoma.

Comprehensive explanation of the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of floppy eyelid syndrome (FES). Details the association with obstructive sleep apnea, clinical evaluation of tarsal laxity, and from conservative therapy to surgery.

Sustained-release steroid implant for diabetic macular edema and non-infectious posterior uveitis. Reduces treatment burden through continuous drug release for 36 months.

An examination method in which sodium fluorescein is administered intravenously and the retinal and choroidal circulation is imaged with a fundus camera. It is essential for evaluating the blood-retinal barrier and diagnosing fundus diseases. This article comprehensively explains the interpretation of hypofluorescence, hyperfluorescence, and vascular abnormalities, as well as side effects and anaphylaxis management.

Focal choroidal excavation (FCE) is a localized depression of the choroid detected by OCT, not associated with posterior staphyloma or scleral ectasia. It is often asymptomatic and found incidentally, but attention should be paid to complications such as choroidal neovascularization and CSC.

Focal scleral nodule (FSN) is a benign yellow-white nodular lesion arising from the sclera. It was once thought to be choroiditis, but OCT showed that it arises from the sclera. Most cases have no symptoms and are managed with observation only.

The foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) is a novel vitreous replacement device developed for eye preservation in severe retinal detachment and ocular trauma. It consists of a capsule, tube, and valve, featuring 360-degree retinal support and prevention of silicone oil emulsification.

This article explains the differentiation, diagnosis, and treatment of Foster Kennedy syndrome, which presents with optic atrophy in one eye and papilledema in the contralateral eye, and pseudo-Foster Kennedy syndrome, which presents similar fundus findings due to non-neoplastic causes.

A disease caused by dysfunction of the fourth cranial nerve (trochlear nerve) that innervates the superior oblique muscle, resulting in hypertropia, excyclotorsion, and vertical diplopia on the affected side. Trauma, ischemia, and congenital causes are the main etiologies, and the Bielschowsky head tilt test is useful for diagnosis.

A disease caused by dysfunction of the fourth cranial nerve (trochlear nerve) that innervates the superior oblique muscle, resulting in ipsilateral hypertropia, excyclotorsion, and vertical diplopia. Trauma, ischemia, and congenital causes are the main etiologies, and the Bielschowsky head tilt test is useful for diagnosis.

Changes in foveal microstructure observed on OCT associated with vitreoretinal interface disorders and cystoid macular edema. Classified into three stages: cotton ball sign, foveal detachment, and acquired vitelliform lesion.

A congenital retinal anomaly in which the foveal pit does not develop. Associated with albinism, aniridia, and other conditions, it presents with reduced visual acuity and nystagmus. Severity and visual prognosis are assessed using the OCT Leicester grading system.

Foville syndrome is a brainstem stroke syndrome involving the medial lower pons, characterized by contralateral hemiplegia, ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy, and facial nerve palsy. This article explains its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

François Central Cloudy Corneal Dystrophy (CCCD) is a rare corneal dystrophy characterized by bilateral, symmetrical, polygonal gray opacities in the posterior stroma of the central cornea. It is non-progressive and usually does not affect visual function; observation is the standard management.

Explanation of the mechanism, risk factors, prevention, management, and complications of free cap during LASIK surgery.

Friedreich Ataxia is the most common hereditary ataxia caused by GAA repeat expansion in the FXN gene, presenting with progressive neurodegeneration as well as multi-organ involvement including cardiomyopathy, diabetes, and optic atrophy.

Froin syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by the triad of xanthochromia, high protein, and hypercoagulability of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Obstruction of CSF in the spinal cord can cause increased intracranial pressure and papilledema.

A comprehensive explanation of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) from a Japanese perspective, covering definition, Krachmer classification, epidemiology, TCF4/COL8A2 genes, diagnosis, DMEK/DSAEK/DWEK, ROCK inhibitor eye drops, and cultured endothelial cell injection therapy.

Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) is a unilateral uveitis characterized by the triad of iris heterochromia, chronic iridocyclitis, and cataract. Stellate keratic precipitates, iris atrophy, and Amsler sign are characteristic. Steroids are ineffective, so observation is generally recommended. An association with rubella virus has been suggested.

Fuchs superficial marginal keratitis (FSMK) is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent infiltration and progressive thinning of the peripheral cornea. Formation of pseudopterygium is characteristic, and it can lead to irregular astigmatism or perforation.

This article explains the definition, diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of functional visual disorder (non-organic visual disorder), in which patients present with reduced visual acuity or visual field defects despite the absence of organic eye disease.

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a non-invasive imaging technique that evaluates the metabolic state of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by utilizing the intrinsic fluorescence of lipofuscin within the RPE, without the use of contrast agents. It is widely used for diagnosis and monitoring of age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal dystrophies, uveitis, and other conditions.

An infection of the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous humor) caused by fungi, broadly classified into endogenous (hematogenous dissemination) and exogenous (surgery or trauma). Candida and Aspergillus are the main causative organisms, and antifungal drug administration and vitrectomy are the mainstays of treatment.

Endophthalmitis caused by various fungi migrating into the eye. Most cases are endogenous (hematogenous metastasis), with IVH patients and candidemia as major risk factors. Standard treatment includes systemic administration of antifungal agents such as fluconazole and voriconazole, along with vitrectomy.

Fungal keratitis (corneal mycosis) is a severe eye infection caused by fungi such as filamentous fungi and Candida species. It often progresses slowly and is resistant to treatment, potentially leading to corneal perforation and blindness.