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A sudden increase in intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure (Valsalva maneuver) elevates intraocular venous pressure, causing rupture of superficial macular capillaries and resulting in preretinal hemorrhage. It can occur in healthy eyes; most cases resolve spontaneously, but severe cases require surgery.

VDT syndrome (IT eye strain, digital eye fatigue) is a general term for ocular, systemic, and mental symptoms caused by prolonged use of smartphones or computers. The main pathologies are functional dry eye due to decreased blinking and accommodative disorders. Improvement can be expected through optimization of the work environment and appropriate pharmacological treatment.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic conjunctival disease accompanied by proliferative changes in the conjunctiva. It commonly occurs in boys during childhood and presents characteristic findings such as cobblestone papillae and Horner-Trantas dots. Based on the Japanese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Conjunctival Diseases, 3rd Edition (2021), treatment centers on immunosuppressive eye drops (cyclosporine and tacrolimus).

One of the nucleus division methods in cataract surgery. The nucleus is divided by bringing the ultrasonic tip and chopper closer together in a vertical plane, reducing the amount of ultrasonic energy used and improving safety in cases of hard nucleus, small pupil, and zonular weakness.

Vertical strabismus is a general term for vertical misalignment of the eyes. Congenital superior oblique palsy is the most common cause, and also includes inferior oblique overaction, Brown syndrome, A-V pattern strabismus, and double elevator palsy. Diagnosis is made using the Parks 3-step test, and surgery such as inferior oblique weakening, superior oblique tuck, or Harada-Ito procedure is performed depending on the angle and type of strabismus.

A rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the EPG5 gene. It is characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, bilateral cataracts, hypopigmentation, cardiomyopathy, and immunodeficiency, with a poor prognosis.

This article explains the types, administration methods, and clinical applications of viral vectors (AAV, adenovirus, lentivirus) used in gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases in the field of ophthalmology.

For children who are deaf or hard of hearing, conventional visual acuity tests that rely on verbal responses are difficult, so it is important to select non-verbal methods appropriate for their age and developmental stage. This article explains the characteristics and appropriate ages for various testing methods, as well as how to use the JEI/JEI test chart specifically designed for deaf and hard-of-hearing children.

This article explains types of visual acuity tests (distance, near, corrected visual acuity), the principle of the Landolt C ring, test conditions based on JIS standards, measurement procedures from children to adults, conversion between decimal visual acuity, logMAR, and fractional visual acuity, and interpretation of test findings.

Visual evoked potential (VEP) is an objective test that records electrical signals evoked in the occipital visual cortex in response to visual stimuli using scalp electrodes. This article explains the types of pattern VEP and flash VEP, the ISCEV standard protocol, interpretation of the P100 waveform, and clinical applications for optic nerve diseases and psychogenic visual disturbances.

An objective test that records electrical signals generated in the occipital visual cortex in response to visual stimulation using scalp electrodes. It is widely used for evaluating optic nerve disorders, measuring visual function in infants, and differentiating psychogenic visual disturbances.

An extremely rare neuro-ophthalmological phenomenon in which the visual field is perceived as rotated 180 degrees in the coronal plane. Posterior circulation stroke and vestibular system disorders are the main causes. Symptoms are transient and tend to resolve spontaneously, but may indicate a serious underlying condition.

Visual Snow Syndrome (VSS) is a neuro-ophthalmic disorder in which dynamic, flickering dots appear persistently across the entire visual field in both eyes. It is important to distinguish it from migraine; there is no established treatment, but attempts such as lamotrigine and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation have been reported.

A vitreoretinal interface disease in which incomplete posterior vitreous detachment causes the vitreous to remain attached to the macula, leading to changes in macular morphology and decreased visual function due to anteroposterior traction.

A condition in which incomplete posterior vitreous detachment causes persistent vitreous attachment around the optic disc, leading to morphological damage to the optic nerve head due to traction. OCT imaging is useful for definitive diagnosis, and most cases improve with observation.

A rare cystic lesion that occurs in the vitreous cavity. It is classified into congenital and acquired types. Most cases are asymptomatic, but when it obstructs the visual axis, it can cause floaters and transient visual blurring.

A disease that causes sudden vision loss and floaters due to bleeding into the vitreous cavity. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, posterior vitreous detachment, and ocular trauma are the main causes. Early identification and treatment of the underlying disease are important.

A condition in which vitreous humor prolapses into a wound after ophthalmic surgery or trauma, forming a vitreous wick. It can cause cystoid macular edema (CME) and endophthalmitis.

Explanation of the concept, symptoms, staging, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH disease). It is an autoimmune disease against melanocytes, and standard treatment involves steroid pulse therapy combined with immunosuppressive drugs. The latest evidence including the steroid-sparing effects of MTX and MMF from the FAST trial is described.

Bilateral granulomatous panuveitis caused by T-cell-mediated autoimmune reaction against melanocyte-associated antigens. It predominantly affects young to middle-aged adults of pigmented races and is characterized by exudative retinal detachment, neurological symptoms, auditory symptoms, and skin manifestations.

A benign dilation of the ampulla of the vortex vein within the eye. It appears as a saccular or teardrop-shaped choroidal elevation at the equator, often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally.

A new visual field testing method using a VR headset. It shows equivalent performance to SAP in detecting visual field defects in glaucoma and is attracting attention as a next-generation technology that is portable, low-cost, and enables home testing.

The first eye drop approved by the FDA for presbyopia in adults. Pilocarpine constricts the pupil, increasing depth of focus and improving near vision.

This is a corneal complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) associated with reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Stromal keratitis (VZV-SK) primarily involves immune-mediated inflammation of the corneal stroma, leading to nummular infiltrates and corneal scarring. Endotheliitis (VZV-E) is characterized by keratic precipitates and corneal edema. The mainstay of treatment for both conditions is a combination of topical steroids and antiviral agents, and gradual tapering of steroids is important to prevent recurrence.