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VDT syndrome (IT eye strain, digital eye fatigue) is a general term for ocular, systemic, and mental symptoms caused by prolonged use of smartphones or computers. The main pathologies are functional dry eye due to decreased blinking and accommodative disorders. Improvement can be expected through optimization of the work environment and appropriate pharmacological treatment.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic conjunctival disease with proliferative changes in the conjunctiva. It commonly occurs in boys during childhood and presents characteristic findings such as cobblestone papillae and Horner-Trantas dots. Based on the Japanese Guidelines for Allergic Conjunctival Diseases, 3rd Edition (2021), treatment is centered on immunosuppressive eye drops (cyclosporine, tacrolimus).

Vertical strabismus is a general term for vertical misalignment of the eyes. Congenital superior oblique palsy is the most common cause, and also includes inferior oblique overaction, Brown syndrome, A-V pattern strabismus, and double elevator palsy. Diagnosis is made using the Parks 3-step test, and surgery such as inferior oblique weakening, superior oblique tuck, or Harada-Ito procedure is performed depending on the angle and type of strabismus.

This article explains types of visual acuity tests (distance, near, corrected visual acuity), the principle of the Landolt C ring, test conditions based on JIS standards, measurement procedures from children to adults, conversion between decimal visual acuity, logMAR, and fractional visual acuity, and interpretation of test findings.

Visual evoked potential (VEP) is an objective test that records electrical signals evoked in the occipital visual cortex in response to visual stimuli using scalp electrodes. This article explains the types of pattern VEP and flash VEP, the ISCEV standard protocol, interpretation of the P100 waveform, and clinical applications for optic nerve diseases and psychogenic visual disturbances.

A vitreoretinal interface disease in which incomplete posterior vitreous detachment causes the vitreous to remain attached to the macula, leading to changes in macular morphology and decreased visual function due to anteroposterior traction.

A disease that causes sudden vision loss and floaters due to bleeding into the vitreous cavity. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, posterior vitreous detachment, and ocular trauma are the main causes. Early identification and treatment of the underlying disease are important.

Explanation of the concept, symptoms, staging, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH disease). It is an autoimmune disease against melanocytes, and standard treatment involves steroid pulse therapy combined with immunosuppressive drugs. The latest evidence including the steroid-sparing effects of MTX and MMF from the FAST trial is described.

This is a corneal complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) associated with reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Stromal keratitis (VZV-SK) primarily involves immune-mediated inflammation of the corneal stroma, leading to nummular infiltrates and corneal scarring. Endotheliitis (VZV-E) is characterized by keratic precipitates and corneal edema. The mainstay of treatment for both conditions is a combination of topical steroids and antiviral agents, and gradual tapering of steroids is important to prevent recurrence.