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A rare congenital genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, intellectual disability, postnatal growth deficiency, skeletal abnormalities, and dermatoglyphic anomalies. Caused by mutations in KMT2D or KDM6A genes, it can be associated with various ophthalmic abnormalities.

A skin infection in which herpes simplex virus spreads extensively on a background of inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Herpetic keratitis involving the eye is a vision-threatening complication.

Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome characterized by thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy associated with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) or tufted angioma (TA).

A medium-vessel vasculitis primarily affecting children, and the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. Ocular symptoms (conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis) frequently occur but are mostly self-limiting.

Keratoconus is an ectatic corneal disorder in which the central corneal stroma progressively thins and protrudes forward into a cone shape, causing high irregular astigmatism and visual impairment. It typically begins in adolescence and progresses into the 30s. First-line treatment for progression is corneal cross-linking (CXL), and visual correction is achieved with rigid gas-permeable contact lenses or scleral lenses.

Keratoglobus is a rare non-inflammatory corneal ectasia characterized by diffuse thinning of the entire cornea and spherical forward protrusion. The congenital type is associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI and blue sclera syndrome, while the acquired type progresses from pellucid marginal degeneration or keratoconus. Thinning is most pronounced in the periphery, and there is a risk of corneal rupture even with minor trauma.

Keratolimbal allograft (KLAL) is a type of ocular surface stem cell transplantation for limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). It involves transplanting allogeneic limbal tissue attached to a corneoscleral carrier from a cadaveric donor to restore corneal epithelial homeostasis. It is indicated for bilateral LSCD or cases where a living donor is unavailable, and systemic immunosuppression is essential.

Definition, measurement method, clinical significance, and relationship with optic atrophy of the Kestenbaum index. Includes normal and abnormal value criteria, its role in glaucoma diagnosis, and future perspectives with OCTA.

Strabismus surgery to correct abnormal head posture (face turn) in patients with nystagmus. It improves visual function by moving the null point to the primary position.

This article explains the role of corneal topography and tomography in refractive surgery. It summarizes key points of corneal shape analysis in preoperative screening, ectasia risk assessment, various indices, and postoperative management.

A rare autosomal recessive syndrome caused by mutations in the COL18A1 gene, characterized by high myopia, vitreoretinal degeneration, and occipital bone defects. Abnormalities in type XVIII collagen lead to various clinical manifestations in the eyes and nervous system.

Segmental yellow-white deposits along the retinal arteries, a reversible finding associated with severe intraocular inflammation such as toxoplasmosis or acute retinal necrosis. They are localized to the endothelium of the arterial wall and are characterized by the absence of leakage on fluorescein angiography.