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Explains the causes, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction (epiphora in adults). Covers lacrimal endoscopy, DCR (dacryocystorhinostomy), tube intubation indications and outcomes, and management of drug-induced lacrimal duct obstruction.

Rapidly progressive necrotizing retinitis caused by herpes viruses (HSV, VZV, CMV). It is an ophthalmic emergency that presents as acute retinal necrosis (ARN) in immunocompetent individuals and progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) in immunocompromised individuals.

This article explains the etiology (diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, ocular ischemic syndrome), staging, diagnosis of iris rubeosis, anti-VEGF therapy, panretinal photocoagulation, trabeculectomy (with MMC), and tube shunt surgery for neovascular glaucoma (NVG).

Chordoma is a rare malignant bone tumor arising from notochordal remnants. When it occurs at the skull base, it presents with neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms such as abducens nerve palsy, diplopia, and visual field defects. This article explains diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system mediated by aquaporin-4 antibodies, characterized primarily by optic neuritis and myelitis.

Explains neuroprotective strategies in glaucoma. Covers clinical evidence for brimonidine, citicoline, nicotinamide, and neurotrophic factors, mechanisms of RGC death, and latest research trends in combination therapy, gene therapy, and NAD+ therapy.

Explains the mechanism of action, clinical trial results, and side effects of nitric oxide (NO)-donating prostaglandin analogs (latanoprostene bunod, NCX 470). Covers differences from conventional PGAs and evidence from VOYAGER, APOLLO, and LUNAR trials.

Nocardia keratitis is a rare corneal infection caused by the actinomycete Nocardia, which inhabits soil. It is characterized by wreath-like infiltrates, and differentiation from fungal keratitis is important. This article explains treatment with amikacin eye drops, as well as diagnosis and management.

This article explains the measurement principle of non-contact tonometers (NCT), the procedure of the air-puff method, accuracy comparison with Goldmann applanation tonometry, the effect of central corneal thickness, and how to interpret test results.

Explanation of indications, contraindications, surgical technique (superficial flap, deep flap, Schlemm's canal opening, TDM dissection), implants, goniopuncture, treatment outcomes, and complications of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS). Also details the latest techniques such as XEN-DS.

Definition of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), epidemiology based on the Tajimi Study, ocular perfusion pressure and vascular factors, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, evidence from CNTGS/LoGTS, first-line medication, and target intraocular pressure setting.

A congenital macular dysplasia with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is non-progressive and often maintains stable vision throughout life, but vision loss may occur due to complications of choroidal neovascularization.

A disease in which the optic nerves in both eyes are damaged due to deficiencies of nutrients such as B vitamins and copper. Risk factors include bariatric surgery, vegan diet, and alcoholism.

A comprehensive explanation of the definition, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital nystagmus (jerky nystagmus, pendular nystagmus), nystagmus blockage syndrome, latent nystagmus, spasmus nutans, and periodic alternating nystagmus. Includes indications for refractive correction, prism therapy, and surgical procedures such as the Kestenbaum procedure.