視神経管は視神経(髄膜に包まれる)と眼動脈を頭蓋窩へ通す管である。上眼窩裂は全長約22mmで蝶形骨大翼と小翼の間に形成され、総腱輪(Annulus of Zinn)により上部・中部・下部に分かれる。上部には涙腺神経(V1)・前頭神経(V1)・滑車神経(IV)・上眼静脈が走行し、中部には鼻毛様体神経(V1)・外転神経(VI)・動眼神経(III)上枝・下枝が走行する。下部には下眼静脈が走行する。この狭い空間に多数の神経・血管が集中するため、眼窩先端部の病変が広範な脳神経障害を引き起こす。下眼窩裂には三叉神経第2枝(V2:上顎神経)と下眼静脈が走行し、翼口蓋窩へ交通する。
Mehta S, Gupta K, Patel Nakshiwala N. Orbital Apex Syndrome Due to Aspergillus flavus Infection in Immunocompetent Patients: A Report of Two Cases. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43508. doi:10.7759/cureus.43508. PMID:37719524; PMCID:PMC10500615.
Plasencia M, McQueen BR. Orbital Apex Syndrome Secondary to Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: A Case of Irreversible Optic Nerve Damage. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e46522. doi:10.7759/cureus.46522. PMID:37927715; PMCID:PMC10625339.
Ulatowski H, Bequest A, Sharma A, Jha P. Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Presenting As Orbital Apex Syndrome. Cureus. 2024;16(7):e64087. doi:10.7759/cureus.64087. PMID:39114241; PMCID:PMC11305336.
Rajad H, Bigi S, Adnor S, Chahbi Z, Ibenyahia A, Salek M, et al. Orbital apex syndrome associated with cranial nerve V neuritis complicating bacterial maxillary sinusitis. Radiology case reports. 2025;20(8):3859-3864. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2025.04.111. PMID:40486143; PMCID:PMC12145515.
Marzoughi S, Chen T. Orbital Apex Syndrome Due to Mucormycosis - Missed on Initial MRI. The Neurohospitalist. 2022;12(1):127-130. doi:10.1177/19418744211025369. PMID:34950400; PMCID:PMC8689547.
Zielke T, Kim M, Simon JE, Borys E, Prabhu VC, Pappu S. Hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis and orbital apex syndrome secondary to infection of the eye: illustrative case. Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons. 2021;1(21):CASE20168. doi:10.3171/CASE20168. PMID:35854865; PMCID:PMC9245743.
Fukushima A, Mihoshi M, Shimizu Y, et al. A case of orbital apex syndrome related to herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e27254.
Eldweik L. Radiation induced tissue necrosis mimicking orbital apex syndrome. SAGE open medical case reports. 2022;10:2050313X221123292. doi:10.1177/2050313X221123292. PMID:36119662; PMCID:PMC9478739.
Massey D, Saab M. Orbital Apex Syndrome Secondary to SMARCB1-Deficient Invasive Sinonasal Carcinoma. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31017. doi:10.7759/cureus.31017. PMID:36475142; PMCID:PMC9717724.